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% arara: bib2gls: { group: on, options: [ "--replace-quotes" ] }
% arara: lualatex
% arara: bib2gls: { group: on, options: [ "--replace-quotes" ] } if found ("log", "Glossary entry `sym.")
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% This document requires glossaries-extra v1.49, bib2gls v3.0
% and nlctuserguide.sty.

\documentclass[titlepage=false,oneside,
 fontsize=12pt,captions=tableheading]{scrbook}

\usepackage
 %[debug=showwrgloss]
 {nlctuserguide}

\nlctuserguidegls
{
  % \MFUsentencecase
  \gcmd{MFU\-sen\-tence\-case}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{converts \meta{text} to \idx+{sentence-case} with expansion}
  }
  % \MFUexcl
  \gcmd{MFU\-excl}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{cs}}%
    \desc{locally identifies \meta{cs} as an \idx{exclusion} command}
    \field{seealso}{MFUblocker,MFUaddmap}
  }
  % \MFUblocker
  \gcmd{MFU\-blocker}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{cs}}%
    \desc{locally identifies \meta{cs} as a \idx{blocker} command}
    \field{seealso}{MFUexcl,MFUaddmap}
  }
  % \MFUaddmap
  \gcmd{MFU\-add\-map}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{cs1}\margm{cs2}}%
    \desc{identifies a \idx{mapping} from the command \meta{cs1} to
    command \meta{cs2}}
    \field{seealso}{MFUexcl,MFUblocker}
  }
  % \MFUsaveatend
  \gcmd{MFU\-save\-at\-end}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \desc{saves the list of \idxpl{exclusion}, \idxpl{blocker}
     and \idxpl{mapping} to the \ext{aux} file (if required by some
     external tool) at the end of the document. 
     This command sets itself to \cmd{relax} so it
     doesn't repeat the action if used multiple times, but it can
     be overridden by \gls{MFUsave}}
  }
  % \MFUsave
  \gcmd{MFU\-save}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \desc{saves the list of \idxpl{exclusion}, \idxpl{blocker}
     and \idxpl{mapping} to the \ext{aux} file (if required by some
     external tool). 
     This command sets itself to \cmd{relax} so it
     doesn't repeat the action if used multiple times, and
     counteracts any use of \gls{MFUsaveatend}}
  }
  % \@mfu@excls
  \gcmd{@mfu\-@\-excls}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{exclusions}}
    \desc{an \ext{aux} file command that lists all the identified
    \idxpl{exclusion}}
    \field{seealso}{MFUsave,MFUsaveatend}
  }
  % \@mfu@blockers
  \gcmd{@mfu\-@\-blockers}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{blockers}}
    \desc{an \ext{aux} file command that lists all the identified
    \idxpl{blocker}}
    \field{seealso}{MFUsave,MFUsaveatend}
  }
  % \@mfu@mappings
  \gcmd{@mfu\-@\-mappings}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{mappings}}
    \desc{an \ext{aux} file command that lists all the identified
    \idxpl{mapping} as a \keyval\ list}
    \field{seealso}{MFUsave,MFUsaveatend}
  }
  % \mfirstucMakeUppercase
  \gcmd{mfirst\-uc\-Make\-Up\-per\-case}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.07+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{converts \meta{text} to \idx{uppercase}. 
     Now only used in \gls{mfugrabfirstuc}}
  }
  % \emakefirstuc
  \gcmd{e\-make\-first\-uc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.10+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{fully expands \meta{text} before passing it to
    \gls{makefirstuc}}
  }
  % \xmakefirstuc
  \gcmd{x\-make\-first\-uc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.01+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{shortcut for
     \code{\cmd{expandafter}\gls{makefirstuc}\cmd{expandafter}\margm{text}}}
  }
  % \makefirstuc
  \gcmd{make\-first\-uc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.0+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{converts \meta{text} to \idx+{sentence-case} internally using
    \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to perform the case-change, but first parses
    \meta{text} to deal with special cases}
  }
  % \glsmakefirstuc
  \gcmd{gls\-make\-first\-uc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.05+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{used by \gls{makefirstuc} to perform the case-change. This
    uses \code{\gls{MFUsentencecase}\margm{text}} but by default
    will prevent its argument from being expanded}
  }
  % \mfugrabfirstuc
  \gcmd{mfu\-grab\-first\-uc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}
    \note{avoid where possible}
    \desc{provide to emulate \gls{glsmakefirstuc} in v2.07 and
    below, but can still produce different results to v2.07.
    This will attempt to grab only the first character of
    \meta{text} and convert it to \idx{uppercase}, leaving the rest of
    \meta{text} unchanged. This won't work if \meta{text} starts
    with a \gls{utf8} character, unless you are using \XeLaTeX\ or
    \LuaLaTeX}
  }
  % \MFUskippunc
  \gcmd{MFU\-skip\-punc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.07+}
    \syntax{\margm{content}}%
    \desc{an \idx{exclusion} command}
  }
  % \capitalisewords
  \gcmd{cap\-i\-talise\-words}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.06+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{applies \idx+{title-case} to \meta{text}. This will apply 
    \gls{MFUcapword} to each word in \meta{text} (unless the word has been
    identified as an \idx{exclusion-word} and doesn't occur at the start of
    \meta{text})}
    \field{seealso}{capitalisefmtwords,MFUnocap,gMFUnocap,ifMFUhyphen}
  }
  % \xcapitalisewords
  \gcmd{x\-cap\-i\-talise\-words}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.06+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{shortcut for
     \code{\cmd{expandafter}\gls{capitalisewords}\cmd{expandafter}\margm{text}}}
  }
  % \ecapitalisewords
  \gcmd{e\-cap\-i\-talise\-words}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.10+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{fully expands \meta{text} before passing it to \gls{capitalisewords}}
  }
  % \capitalisefmtwords
  \gcmd{cap\-i\-talise\-fmt\-words}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{similar to \gls{capitalisewords} but for content that may
    contain formatting commands}
    \field{modifiers}{*}
    \field{seealso}{capitalisewords,MFUnocap,gMFUnocap,ifMFUhyphen}
  }
  % \xcapitalisefmtwords
  \gcmd{x\-cap\-i\-talise\-fmt\-words}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{shortcut for
     \code{\cmd{expandafter}\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\cmd{expandafter}\margm{text}}
     including the \code{*} modifier, if provided}
    \field{modifiers}{*}
  }
  % \ecapitalisefmtwords
  \gcmd{e\-cap\-i\-talise\-fmt\-words}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{fully expands \meta{text} and passes it to
      \gls{capitalisefmtwords} including the \code{*} modifier, if provided}
    \field{modifiers}{*}
  }
  % \ifMFUhyphen
  \gcond{if\-MFU\-hyphen}
  {
    \initval{\cmd{iffalse}}
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \desc{conditional that determines whether or not hyphens should
    be considered word boundaries by the \idx{title-case} commands}
  }
  % \MFUhyphentrue
  \gcmd{MFU\-hyphen\-true}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \desc{sets \gls{ifMFUhyphen} to true}
  }
  % \MFUhyphenfalse
  \gcmd{MFU\-hyphen\-false}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \desc{sets \gls{ifMFUhyphen} to false}
  }
  % \MFUwordbreak
  \gcmd{MFU\-word\-break}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.07+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{used to markup a character or command that should be
    treated as a word break by the \idx{title-case} commands}
  }
  % \MFUcapword
  \gcmd{MFU\-cap\-word}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.03+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{uses either \gls{MFUhyphencapword} or \gls{MFUcapwordfirstuc}
     depending on \gls{ifMFUhyphen}}
  }
  % \MFUcapwordfirstuc
  \gcmd{MFU\-cap\-word\-first\-uc}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.07+}
    \syntax{\margm{word}}%
    \desc{used by \gls{MFUcapword} and \gls{MFUhyphencapword} to 
    apply the case-change to the given word. This just does 
    \code{\gls{makefirstuc}\margm{text}} by default}
    \field{seealso}{MFUcapword,MFUhyphencapword}
  }
  % \MFUhyphencapword
  \gcmd{MFU\-hyphen\-cap\-word}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.07+}
    \syntax{\margm{text}}%
    \desc{used by \gls{MFUcapword} to apply \gls{MFUcapwordfirstuc} to 
    each hyphen-separated word in \meta{text}, if hyphens should
    indicate a word-break}
    \field{seealso}{ifMFUhyphen,MFUcapword}
  }
  % \MFUnocap
  \gcmd{MFU\-no\-cap}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.09+}
    \syntax{\margm{word}}%
    \desc{locally adds \meta{word} to the \idx{exclusion-word} list for
    \gls{capitalisewords}}
    \field{seealso}{gMFUnocap,MFUclear}
  }
  % \gMFUnocap
  \gcmd{gMFU\-no\-cap}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.09+}
    \syntax{\margm{word}}%
    \desc{globally adds \meta{word} to the \idx{exclusion-word} list for
    \gls{capitalisewords}}
    \field{seealso}{MFUnocap,MFUclear}
  }
  % \MFUclear
  \gcmd{MFU\-clear}
  {
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v1.09+}
    \desc{locally clears the \idx{exclusion-word} list for \gls{capitalisewords}}
    \field{seealso}{gMFUnocap,MFUnocap}
  }
  % PACKAGE OPTIONS
  % option grabfirst
  \gopt{grab\-first}
  {%
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \note{avoid where possible}
    \desc{redefines \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to use \gls{mfugrabfirstuc}
     and \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} to use \gls{MakeUppercase}}
  }
  % option expanded
  \gopt{expanded}
  {%
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \desc{redefines \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to use \gls{MFUsentencecase}
      without inhibiting the expansion of its argument}
  }
  % option unexpanded
  \gopt{unexpanded}
  {%
    \providedby{\sty{mfirstuc} v2.08+}
    \desc{redefines \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to use \gls{MFUsentencecase}
      but inhibits expansion of its argument}
  }
  % COMMANDS: index only
  \gcmd{text\dsb title\-case\dsb first:n}{}
  \gcmd{text\dsb title\-case:n}{}
  \gcmd{text\dsb upper\-case:n}{}
  \gcmd{l\dsb text\dsb case\dsb ex\-clude\dsb arg\dsb tl}{}
  \gcmd{protect}{}
  \gcmd{unexpanded}{}
  \gcmd{glsadd}{}
  \gcmd{gls}{}
  \gcmd{Gls}{}
  \gcmd{GLS}{}
  \gcmd{glspl}{}
  \gcmd{Glspl}{}
  \gcmd{GLSpl}{}
  \gcmd{Make\-Upper\-case}{}% \MakeUppercase
  \gcmd{Make\-Text\-Upper\-case}{}% \MakeTextUppercase
  \gcmd{No\-Case\-Change}{}% \NoCaseChange
  \gcmd{ensure\-math}{}
  \gcmd{begin}{}
  \gcmd{end}{}
  \gcmd{cite}{}
  \gcmd{label}{}
  \gcmd{ref}{}
  \gcmd{index}{}
  \gcmd{space}{}
  \gcmd{name\-ref}{}% \nameref
  \gcmd{tex\-or\-pdf\-string}{}% \texorpdfstring
  \gcmd{pdf\-string\-def\-Dis\-able\-Commands}{}% \pdfstringdefDisableCommands
  \gpunc{nbsp}{\name{\code{\textasciitilde}}}% ~
  % packages
  \gpkg{mfirst\-uc}{\common}
  \gpkg{mfirstuc\dhyphen english}{}
  \gpkg{glossaries}{}
  \gpkg{glossaries\dhyphen extra}{}
  \gpkg{text\-case}{}% textcase
  \gpkg{cs\-quotes}{}% csquotes
  \gpkg{hyper\-ref}{}% hyperref
  % file extensions
  \gext{aux}{}
  % terms
  \gterm{exclusion}{\name{exclusion command}\field{text}{exclusion}
  \desc{a command whose argument should be skipped
  by the case-changer. The content that follows the command should
  have its case-changed instead. See \sectionref{sec:exclusions}}}
  \gterm{blocker}{\desc{a command that prohibits case-changing. If
   encountered by \gls{makefirstuc}, it won't attempt to apply any
   case-changing. See \sectionref{sec:blockers}}}
  \gterm{mapping}{\desc{a command that should be substituted by
   another, if encountered by \gls{makefirstuc}, instead of applying
   a case-change. See \sectionref{sec:mappings}}}
  \gterm{sentence-case}{\desc{content that should appear at the
   start of a sentence that needs to have its first significant
   character converted to \idx{uppercase}. See \sectionref{sec:sentencecase}}}
  \gterm{title-case}{\desc{content that needs to appear in a title
   that should have each significant word converted to
   \idx{sentence-case}. See \sectionref{sec:capitalisewords}}}
  \gterm{exclusion-word}{\name{exclusion word}
   \desc{a word that shouldn't have its case changed by
   \idx{title-case} commands, unless the word occurs at the start}}
  \gtermacr{utf8}{UTF-8}{Unicode Transformation Format (8-bit)}
  {%
    \desc{a variable-width encoding that uses 8-bit code units. This
    means that some characters are represented by more that one byte.
    \XeLaTeX\ and \LuaLaTeX\ treat the multi-byte sequence as a single
    token, but the older \LaTeX\ formats have single-byte tokens, which
    can cause complications, although these have mostly been addressed with
    the newer kernels introduced over the past few years. Related blog article:
    \blog{binary-files-text-files-and-file-encodings/}{Binary Files,
    Text Files and File Encodings}}
  }
  \gterm{semanticcommand}{\name{semantic command}
    \desc{essentially, this is a command associated with a
    particular element, idea or topic that hides the font
    and other stylistic formatting inside its definition. For
    example, Latin taxonomy is usually displayed in italic.
    Explicitly using font commands, for example
    \begin{compactcodebox}\cmd{textit}\marg{Clostridium}\end{compactcodebox}
    is syntactic markup.
    Whereas defining a command called, say, \cmd{bacteria} that 
    displays its argument in italics is a semantic command. The
    actual styling is hidden and the command relates specifically to
    a particular concept.
\begin{codebox}
Syntactic: \cmd{textit}\marg{Clostridium}^^J\codepar
\cmd{newrobustcmd}*\marg{\cmd{bacteria}}[1]{\cmd{emph}\marg{\#1}}\%\newline
Semantic: \cmd{bacteria}\marg{Clostridium}
\end{codebox}
    The end result is the same: 
\begin{resultbox}
Syntactic: \textit{Clostridium}\glspar
Semantic: \emph{Clostridium}
\end{resultbox}
    The advantage with semantic commands is that it's much easier to
    change the style, simply by adjusting the command definition.
    Note that I've used \cmd{newrobustcmd} to make the semantic
    command robust as the style commands can cause a problem if they
    expand too soon}
  }
  % index only
  \gidx{punctuation}{}
  \gpunc{sym.dollar}{\name{\code{\$}}}% $
  \gidx{uppercase}{}
  \gidx{lowercase}{}
}

\title{mfirstuc.sty v2.09: 
sentence and title casing}
\author{Nicola L.C. Talbot\\[10pt]
Dickimaw Books\\
\href{https://www.dickimaw-books.com/}{\nolinkurl{dickimaw-books.com}}}
\date{2025-04-03
}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\htmlavailable

\begin{information}
The \sty{mfirstuc} package was originally part of the
\sty{glossaries} bundle (added to \sty{glossaries} v1.12 
in 2008) for use with commands like \gls{Gls},
which need to have the first letter converted to uppercase
(\idx{sentence-case}), but as the commands provided by 
\sty{mfirstuc} may be used without \sty{glossaries}, the two 
were split into separately maintained packages in 2015
(\sty{mfirstuc} v2.0 and \sty{glossaries} v4.18).
\end{information}

Version 2.08 has reimplemented \gls{makefirstuc} using \LaTeX3
commands. If there are any compatibility issues, you can rollback to
v2.07:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{usepackage}\marg{mfirstuc}[=2.07]
\end{codebox}

\frontmatter
\tableofcontents

\mainmatter
\chapter{Sentence-Case}
\label{sec:sentencecase}

There are two \idx{sentence-case} commands provided: \gls{MFUsentencecase}
and \gls{makefirstuc}. A summary of the principle features of 
the two commands is given in
\tableref{tab:sentencecasesummary}.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Principle features of
\glsfmttext{MFUsentencecase} and \glsfmttext{makefirstuc}}
\label{tab:sentencecasesummary}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcc}
\bfseries Feature & \bfseries \gls{MFUsentencecase}[]
& \bfseries \gls{makefirstuc}[]\\
Can expand? & \proyes & \prono\\
Supports \idxpl{exclusion}? & \proyes & \proyes\\
Supports \idxpl{blocker}? & \prono & \proyes\\
Supports \idxpl{mapping}? & \prono & \proyes\\
Semantic commands must be robust? & \conyes & \conno
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Examples}
\label{sec:sentencecaseex}

Text only (leading \idx{utf8} now supported):
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{élite} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{élite}
\tcblower
\makefirstuc{élite} /
\MFUsentencecase{élite}
\end{coderesult}

Leading \idx{punctuation} is ignored:
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{`word'} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{`word'}
\tcblower
\makefirstuc{`word'} /
\MFUsentencecase{`word'}
\end{coderesult}
However, if the \idx{punctuation} character is followed by a
\idx{blocker} or \idx{mapping} command, the \idx{punctuation} will
need to be excluded otherwise the command will be treated as an
\idx{exclusion}. If possible, use \idxc{semanticcommand}{semantic
markup} instead of directly including the \idx{punctuation}.

Fragile commands need to be protected with
\gls{MFUsentencecase}:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{alert}}[1]\marg{\cmd{textcolor}\marg{red}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{\#1}}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{alert}\marg{élite}} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\strong{\cmd{protect}}\cmd{alert}\marg{élite}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand{\alert}[1]{\textcolor{red}{\textbf{#1}}}
\makefirstuc{\alert{élite}} /
\MFUsentencecase{\protect\alert{élite}}
\end{resultbox}

\Idxpl{exclusion} are supported by both \gls{makefirstuc} and
\gls{MFUsentencecase}:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUexcl}\marg{\gls+{index}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{index}\marg{word}example} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{index}\marg{word}example}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUexcl{\index}
\makefirstuc{\index{example}example} /
\MFUsentencecase{\index{example}example}
\end{resultbox}

\Idxpl{blocker} are only supported by \gls{makefirstuc}. 
They are treated as \idxpl{exclusion} with
\gls{MFUsentencecase}, which produces a different result:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUblocker}\marg{\gls+{nameref}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUblocker{\nameref}
\makefirstuc{\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section} /
\MFUsentencecase{\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section}
\end{resultbox}

\Idxpl{mapping} are only supported by \gls{makefirstuc}.
They are treated as \idxpl{exclusion} with
\gls{MFUsentencecase}, which produces a different result:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newrobustcmd}\marg{\cmd{secref}}[1]\marg{section\glstildechar\cmd{ref}\marg{\#1}}
\cmd{newrobustcmd}\marg{\cmd{Secref}}[1]\marg{Section\glstildechar\cmd{ref}\marg{\#1}}
\gls{MFUaddmap}\marg{\cmd{secref}}\marg{\cmd{Secref}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{secref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} example} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\cmd{secref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} example}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newrobustcmd{\secref}[1]{section~\ref{#1}}
\newrobustcmd{\Secref}[1]{Section~\ref{#1}}
\MFUaddmap{\secref}{\Secref}
\makefirstuc{\secref{sec:sentencecase} example} /
\MFUsentencecase{\secref{sec:sentencecase} example}
\end{resultbox}

Argument expansion: \gls{MFUsentencecase} expands its argument
and then skips exclusions whereas \gls{makefirstuc} parses its
argument without expansion and then passes the relevant content to
\gls{glsmakefirstuc}. Note that different results will occur with
the \opt{expanded} and \opt{unexpanded} package options.
For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{usepackage}[\opt{expanded}]\marg{mfirstuc}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{testa}}\marg{sample}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{testb}}\marg{\cmd{testa}\cmd{ }test}
\cbeg{document}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} / \gls{xmakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} /
\gls{emakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} / \gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\cmd{testb}}
\cend{document}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand{\testa}{sample}%
\newcommand{\testb}{\testa\ test}%
\renewcommand*{\glsmakefirstuc}[1]{\MFUsentencecase{#1}}%
\makefirstuc{\testb} / \xmakefirstuc{\testb} /
\emakefirstuc{\testb} / \MFUsentencecase{\testb}
\end{resultbox}
With the default \opt{unexpanded} option the result is:
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand{\testa}{sample}
\newcommand{\testb}{\testa\ test}
\makefirstuc{\testb} / \xmakefirstuc{\testb} /
\emakefirstuc{\testb} / \MFUsentencecase{\testb}
\end{resultbox}
Note that this is different from the result in earlier versions of
\sty{mfirstuc}.
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{usepackage}\marg{mfirstuc}[=v2.07]
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{testa}}\marg{sample}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{testb}}\marg{\cmd{testa}\cmd{ }test}
\cbeg{document}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} / \gls{xmakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} /
\gls{emakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}}
\cend{document}
\end{codebox}
This produces:
\begin{resultbox}
SAMPLE TEST / SAMPLE test / Sample test
\end{resultbox}
If this old result is required, either use rollback or try
the \opt{grabfirst} option.

Argument expansion with \idxpl{mapping} (and the default
\opt{unexpanded} option):
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newrobustcmd}\marg{\cmd{secref}}[1]\marg{section\glstildechar\cmd{ref}\marg{\#1}}
\cmd{newrobustcmd}\marg{\cmd{Secref}}[1]\marg{Section\glstildechar\cmd{ref}\marg{\#1}}
\gls{MFUaddmap}\marg{\cmd{secref}}\marg{\cmd{Secref}}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{testa}}\marg{\cmd{secref}\marg{sec:sentencecase}}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{testb}}\marg{\cmd{testa}\cmd{ }example}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} / \gls{xmakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} /
\gls{emakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{testb}} / \gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\cmd{testb}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newrobustcmd{\secref}[1]{section~\ref{#1}}
\newrobustcmd{\Secref}[1]{Section~\ref{#1}}
\MFUaddmap{\secref}{\Secref}
\newcommand{\testa}{\secref{sec:sentencecase}}
\newcommand{\testb}{\testa\ example}
\makefirstuc{\testb} / \xmakefirstuc{\testb} /
\emakefirstuc{\testb} / \MFUsentencecase{\testb}
\end{resultbox}

\section{Sentence Case Commands}
\label{sec:sentencecasecmds}

\cmddef{MFUsentencecase}
This simply uses \gls{texttitlecasefirst:n}, which is provided by
the \LaTeX3 kernel. Note that this fully expands the argument.
If you use this command, ensure that your \idxpl{semanticcommand} are
robust. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newrobustcmd}\marg{\cmd{alert}}[1]\marg{\cmd{textcolor}\marg{red}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{\#1}}}
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\cmd{alert}\marg{sample} text}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newrobustcmd{\alert}[1]{\textcolor{red}{\textbf{#1}}}
\MFUsentencecase{\alert{sample} text}
\end{resultbox}
Note that the following will fail:
\begin{badcodebox}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{alert}}[1]\marg{\cmd{textcolor}\marg{red}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{\#1}}}
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\cmd{alert}\marg{sample} text}
\end{badcodebox}
This is because the expansion that's performed before the case-change will result in:
\begin{badcodebox}
\cmd{textcolor}\marg{Red}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{sample}} text
\end{badcodebox}
This triggers an error since \code{Red} isn't a recognised colour
name.

\cmddef{makefirstuc}
This is the original command provided by \sty+{mfirstuc}, which was
written to assist sentence-casing in the \sty{glossaries} package
and had to take markup into account. It parses its argument to try
to determine which part needs the case-change. The actual
case-change is performed by \gls{glsmakefirstuc}.

As from v2.08, the definition of \gls{makefirstuc} has been updated to use \LaTeX3
code, but the argument is still parsed, which allows for non-robust 
\idxpl{semanticcommand}, and now also takes \idxpl{blocker} and \idxpl{mapping} into
account. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{alert}}[1]\marg{\cmd{textcolor}\marg{red}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{\#1}}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{alert}\marg{sample} text}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand{\alert}[1]{\textcolor{red}{\textbf{#1}}}
\makefirstuc{\alert{sample} text}
\end{resultbox}

The rules used when parsing \code{\gls{makefirstuc}\margm{text}} are as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
\item if \meta{text} is empty do nothing;

\item if \meta{text} consists of a single item or starts
with a group do \code{\gls{glsmakefirstuc}\margm{text}};

\item if \meta{text} starts with a command \meta{cs}:

  \begin{enumerate}
  \item if \meta{cs} is \gls{protect}, skip it and continue to 
  the next step where the command \meta{cs} under inspection 
  is now the one that follows \gls{protect}:

  \item if \meta{cs} has been identified as a \idx{blocker}, just do
  \meta{text} (that is, no case-change is applied);

  \item if \meta{cs} isn't followed by a group then do
  \code{\gls{glsmakefirstuc}\margm{text}};

  \item otherwise assume the format is \code{\meta{cs}\margm{arg}\meta{following}}
  (where \meta{following} may be empty) and then:

    \begin{enumerate}
    \item if \meta{cs} has been \idxc{mapping}{mapped} to
    \meta{Cs} then do \code{\meta{Cs}\margm{arg}\meta{following}};

    \item if \meta{cs} has been identified as an \idx{exclusion}, 
    do \code{\meta{cs}\margm{arg}\gls{makefirstuc}\margm{following}};

    \item otherwise do \code{\meta{cs}\marg{\gls{makefirstuc}\margm{arg}}\meta{following}}.
    \end{enumerate}

  \end{enumerate}

\item otherwise do \code{\gls{glsmakefirstuc}\margm{text}}.
\end{enumerate}

Note that the above algorithm uses recursion. The termination points
are: don't implement a change, replace a command with another
command, or apply the case-change via \gls{glsmakefirstuc}.

For convenience, the following commands are also provided:
\cmddef{xmakefirstuc}
This is simply a shortcut for:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{expandafter}\gls{makefirstuc}\cmd{expandafter}\margm{text}
\end{compactcodebox}
This ensures the first token in \meta{text} is expanded before being
passed to \gls{makefirstuc}.

\cmddef{emakefirstuc}
This fully expands its argument before passing it to
\gls{makefirstuc}. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{test}}[1]\marg{sample \#1}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{tmp}}\marg{\cmd{test}\marg{text}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{tmp}} /
\gls{xmakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{tmp}} /
\gls{emakefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{tmp}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand{\test}[1]{sample #1}
\newcommand{\tmp}{\test{text}}
\makefirstuc{\tmp} /
\xmakefirstuc{\tmp} /
\emakefirstuc{\tmp}
\end{resultbox}
If you don't have any mappings or blockers set up, it's simpler to
use \gls{MFUsentencecase} instead of \gls{emakefirstuc}.

\begin{important}
With \gls{emakefirstuc}, mappings and blockers will only be
detected if they are robust or protected, otherwise they will expand too soon to
be detected.
\end{important}

\cmddef{glsmakefirstuc}
This command is used by \gls{makefirstuc} to perform the
case-change. The \qt{gls} prefix is for historical reasons as the original code
was part of the \sty{glossaries} package. With the default
\opt{unexpanded} option, this command is defined as:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls+{unexpanded}\margm{text}}
\end{compactcodebox}
The use of \gls{unexpanded} inhibits the expansion of \meta{text}
that would otherwise occur. This allows \gls{makefirstuc} to
maintain as much backward-compatibility with version 2.07 as
possible. This is particularly important when using the
\sty{glossaries} package with a style that automatically converts
the description to \idx{sentence-case}, as there may well be
documents with complex descriptions that contain fragile commands.

The \opt{expanded} package option will redefine \gls{glsmakefirstuc}
to use \gls{MFUsentencecase} without \gls{unexpanded}. The
\opt{grabfirst} package option will redefine \gls{glsmakefirstuc}
to use \gls{mfugrabfirstuc} to emulates the behaviour of
\gls{glsmakefirstuc} in v2.07 and below without using rollback.

\cmddef{mfugrabfirstuc}
This robust command is provided to emulate v2.07 and its use is discouraged.
Note that you may still have different results compared to v2.07, so
you may need to use rollback instead. (Note that the \opt{grabfirst} option
additionally redefines \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} to
\gls{MakeUppercase}, which you will also need.)

This applies \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} to the first token in \meta{text}
and leaves the remainder unchanged. This won't work if \meta{text}
starts with a \gls{utf8} character unless you use \XeLaTeX\ or
\LuaLaTeX, so avoid using this method where possible. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{renewcommand}\marg{\gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase}}[1]\marg{\comment{}
  \gls{MakeUppercase}\marg{\#1}\comment{}
}
\gls{mfugrabfirstuc}\marg{sample}
\end{codebox}
This is equivalent to:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase}\marg{s}ample
\end{codebox}
Whereas
\begin{unicodebox}
\cmd{renewcommand}\marg{\gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase}}[1]\marg{\comment{}
  \gls{MakeUppercase}\marg{\#1}\comment{}
}
\gls{mfugrabfirstuc}\marg{\'elite}
\end{unicodebox}
only works with \XeLaTeX\ or \LuaLaTeX.

\begin{warning}
As with earlier implementations of \gls{makefirstuc} that 
tried to only apply the case-change to the first token, 
this won't produce the desired result if the argument starts with a
punctuation character.
\end{warning}

For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{mfugrabfirstuc}\marg{`sample'}
\end{codebox}
This is equivalent to:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase}\marg{`}sample'
\end{compactcodebox}
so no case-change is applied.

\section{Exclusions}
\label{sec:exclusions}

\begin{information}
Exclusions will apply to all \LaTeX3 case-changing commands, so will
also affect \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase}, but this is generally
desirable.
\end{information}

\cmddef{MFUexcl}
Identifies the text-block command \code{\meta{cs}\margm{arg}} as
an \idx{exclusion}. That is, one that should have its argument
excluded from a case-change.

Internally, \gls{MFUexcl} adds \meta{cs} to \LaTeX3's exclusion list
\gls{ltextcaseexcludeargtl}, which means that \gls{MFUsentencecase}
will skip the command and its argument and apply the case-change to
the following content. Some common commands (\gls{begin} \gls{cite}
\gls{end} \gls{label} and \gls{ref}) are automatically added by the
\LaTeX3 kernel.
The exclusions are also recognised by \gls{makefirstuc} when it
parses its argument.

\begin{information}
The command \gls{NoCaseChange} is automatically treated as an
exclusion by the \LaTeX3 case-changing commands with recent \LaTeX\
kernels. You may want to add it as a blocker for \gls{makefirstuc}
and keep \gls{MFUskippunc} for exclusions.

Note that \gls{ensuremath} is added as an exclusion by \sty{mfirstuc} otherwise
\gls{makefirstuc} will pass its argument to \gls{MFUsentencecase},
which will cause a problem.
\end{information}

Another way of identifying content that should be excluded with
\gls{makefirstuc} is to encapsulate it with:
\cmddef{MFUskippunc}
This is a robust command that simply does its argument and is
automatically added to the exclusion list. This may be used for
cases where the excluded command isn't a simple text-block command
that only has one mandatory argument or where leading punctuation is
followed by a \idx{blocker} or \idx{mapping}.

The command name stems from earlier versions where leading
\idx{punctuation} needed to be skipped. This is no longer necessary,
but the command remains as a general purpose robust exclusion command.

For example, \gls{glsadd} (provided by \sty{glossaries}) should have
its argument skipped, since its argument is a label, so the
following will ensure that \code{\gls{glsadd}\margm{label}} will be
skipped, and the case-change will be applied to the following text
for both \gls{MFUsentencecase} and \gls{makefirstuc}.
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUexcl}\marg{\gls{glsadd}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{glsadd}\marg{ex}some text}
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{glsadd}\marg{ex}some text}
\end{codebox}
This will be equivalent to:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{glsadd}\marg{ex}Some text
\end{compactcodebox}
However, \gls{glsadd} can take an optional argument which, if
present, will cause a problem. For example:
\begin{badcodebox}
\gls{MFUexcl}\marg{\gls{glsadd}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{glsadd}\oarg{counter=section}\marg{ex}some text}
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{glsadd}\oarg{counter=section}\marg{ex}some text}
\end{badcodebox}
Both commands will cause the following error:
\begin{transcript}
! Package glossaries Error: Glossary entry `\nlctopensqbracket' has not been defined.
\end{transcript}
This is because the open square bracket is assumed to be the
argument of \gls{glsadd}, so this effectively becomes:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{glsadd}\marg{\nlctopensqbracket}Counter=section\nlctclosesqbracket exsome text
\gls{glsadd}\marg{\nlctopensqbracket}Counter=section\nlctclosesqbracket exsome text
\end{compactcodebox}
which means that now \code{\nlctopensqbracket} is considered the label and everything
that follows is just text.

For this situation to work, you need to encapsulate the problematic
content with an exclusion command, such as \gls{NoCaseChange} or \gls{MFUskippunc}:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{MFUskippunc}\marg{\gls{glsadd}\oarg{counter=section}\marg{ex}}some text}
\end{codebox}
This will also work with \gls{MFUsentencecase} because
\sty{mfirstuc} automatically adds \gls{MFUskippunc} to the exclusion
list.

\begin{information}
As from \sty{glossaries} v4.50, \gls{glsadd} is automatically added
as an exclusion, but be aware of the problem with using the optional
argument, as described above.
\end{information}

\Idx{punctuation} characters are skipped by \gls{MFUsentencecase}.
For example:
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{`word'}
\tcblower
\MFUsentencecase{`word'}
\end{coderesult}
However, leading \idx{punctuation} will result in \gls{makefirstuc}
passing its entire argument to \gls{MFUsentencecase} (since the
argument doesn't start with \code{\meta{cs}\margm{arg}}), which
means that \gls{makefirstuc} won't detect any \idx{blocker} or
\idx{mapping}.

For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUblocker}\marg{\gls+{nameref}}
\cmd{newcommand}*\marg{\cmd{qt}}[1]\marg{``\#1''}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{``\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section''} /
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{MFUskippunc}\marg{``}\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section''} /
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{qt}\marg{\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUblocker{\nameref}
\makefirstuc{``\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section''} /
\makefirstuc{\MFUskippunc{``}\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section''} /
\makefirstuc{\qt{\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section}}
\end{resultbox}
If you are using a package such as \sty{csquotes}, bear in mind that
if the command is followed by an asterisk (a \qt{starred command})
or an optional argument then it won't fit the expected
\code{\meta{cs}\margm{arg}} format and unexpected results will occur.

\section{Blockers}
\label{sec:blockers}

A \idx{blocker} is a command that prevents any case-change if it occurs at
the start of \gls{makefirstuc} or after the argument of an
\idx{exclusion}. Blockers are not supported by
\gls{MFUsentencecase} but are instead treated as exclusions. 

\cmddef{MFUblocker}
Identifies \meta{cs} as a \idx{blocker}. Since \idxpl{blocker}
aren't supported by \gls{MFUsentencecase}, this automatically
implements \code{\gls{MFUexcl}\margm{cs}} to protect its argument
from \gls{MFUsentencecase}, but it won't prevent subsequent content
from being changed.

For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUblocker}\marg{\gls+{nameref}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section} 
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUblocker{\nameref}
\makefirstuc{\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section}
\end{resultbox}

In the following, the \idx{blocker} isn't detected by
\gls{makefirstuc} because the content doesn't start with 
\code{\meta{cs}\margm{arg}} or
\code{\cmd{protect}\meta{cs}\margm{arg}}. This means that the entire
content is passed to \gls{MFUsentencecase} which treats
\gls{nameref} as an \idx{exclusion}:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUblocker}\marg{\gls{nameref}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\cmd{relax}\gls{nameref}\marg{sec:sentencecase} section} 
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUblocker{\nameref}
\makefirstuc{\relax\nameref{sec:sentencecase} section}
\end{resultbox}

\begin{important}
If a \idxc{blocker}{blocking command} is inside the definition of
another command, it won't be visible to \gls{makefirstuc} unless
the other command is expanded before applying \gls{makefirstuc}.
For example, by using \gls{xmakefirstuc} or \gls{emakefirstuc}.
If it doesn't get expanded until after it has been passed to
\gls{MFUsentencecase}, then it will be treated as an \idx{exclusion}
instead.
\end{important}

Recent \LaTeX\ kernels provide \gls{NoCaseChange} and automatically
add it as an \idx{exclusion}. You may want to add it as a
\idx{blocker} for \gls{makefirstuc}. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{ensuremath}\marg{\cmd{alpha}}-particle} /
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\idx{dollar}\cmd{alpha}\idx{dollar}-particle} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{ensuremath}\marg{\cmd{alpha}}-particle} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\idx{dollar}\cmd{alpha}\idx{dollar}-particle}
\codepar
\gls{MFUblocker}\marg{\gls{NoCaseChange}}\comment{}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{ensuremath}\marg{\cmd{alpha}}-particle} /
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{NoCaseChange}\marg{\idx{dollar}\cmd{alpha}\idx{dollar}}-particle} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{ensuremath}\marg{\cmd{alpha}}-particle} /
\gls{MFUsentencecase}\marg{\gls{NoCaseChange}\marg{\idx{dollar}\cmd{alpha}\idx{dollar}}-particle}
\end{codebox}
Note that \sty{mfirstuc} adds \gls{ensuremath} as an exclusion so
\gls{makefirstuc} will skip it. Whereas the example above that
starts with \idx{dollar} will have the entire argument passed to
\gls{MFUsentencecase}, which skips the maths content. 
In the first paragraph, \gls{NoCaseChange} is only an
\idx{exclusion}, but in the second paragraph it's also a
\idx{blocker}.
\begin{resultbox}
Exclusion:
\makefirstuc{\ensuremath{\alpha}-particle} /
\makefirstuc{$\alpha$-particle} /
\MFUsentencecase{\ensuremath{\alpha}-particle} /
\MFUsentencecase{$\alpha$-particle}

Blocker:
\MFUblocker{\NoCaseChange}%
\makefirstuc{\ensuremath{\alpha}-particle} /
\makefirstuc{\NoCaseChange{$\alpha$}-particle} /
\MFUsentencecase{\ensuremath{\alpha}-particle} /
\MFUsentencecase{\NoCaseChange{$\alpha$}-particle}
\end{resultbox}

\section{Mappings}
\label{sec:mappings}

A \idx{mapping} indicates that one command should be substituted for
another, instead of applying a case-change. The assumption is that
the substituted command should perform the case-change instead.
\Idxpl{mapping} are not supported by \gls{MFUsentencecase} 
but are instead treated as exclusions.

\cmddef{MFUaddmap}
Identifies a mapping which indicates that \gls{makefirstuc} should
replace \meta{cs1} with \meta{cs2} and not apply a case-change.
This automatically implements:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{MFUexcl}\margm{cs1}\gls{MFUblocker}\margm{cs2}
\end{compactcodebox}
This means that \meta{cs2} is identified as a \idx{blocker} (since
it's assumed to already be a \idx{sentence-case} command) and
\meta{cs1} is identified as an \idx{exclusion} to protect its
argument from \gls{MFUsentencecase}, which doesn't support
\idxpl{mapping}.

\begin{information}
If either \meta{cs1} or \meta{cs2} is empty, no mapping is established, but an
\idx{exclusion} or \idx{blocker} will be set for the non-empty argument.
\end{information}

For example (with \sty{glossaries}):
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUaddmap}\marg{\gls+{gls}}\marg{\gls+{Gls}}
\gls{makefirstuc}\marg{\gls{gls}\marg{ex} some text}
\end{codebox}
This will be converted to:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{Gls}\marg{ex} some text
\end{compactcodebox}
Note that this and similar \idxpl{mapping} are automatically added
in \sty{glossaries} v4.50+ and \sty{glossaries-extra} v1.49+.

\begin{important}
If a \idxc{mapping}{mapped command} is inside the definition of
another command, it won't be visible to \gls{makefirstuc} unless
the other command is expanded before applying \gls{makefirstuc}.
For example, by using \gls{xmakefirstuc} or \gls{emakefirstuc}.
If it doesn't get expanded until after it has been passed to
\gls{MFUsentencecase}, then it will be treated as an \idx{exclusion}
instead.
\end{important}

\section{Package Options}
\label{sec:pkgoptions}

\optiondef{expanded}
Redefines \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to simply use \gls{MFUsentencecase}.

\optiondef{unexpanded}
Redefines \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to use \gls{MFUsentencecase}
without expanding its argument.

\optiondef{grabfirst}
Redefines \gls{glsmakefirstuc} to use \gls{mfugrabfirstuc} and also
redefines \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} to use \gls{MakeUppercase}.

This option is best avoided and is only provided to emulate the v2.07
behaviour of \gls{glsmakefirstuc}. However, you may still have
different results compared to v2.07, so you may need to use rollback
instead.

\chapter{Title-Case}
\label{sec:capitalisewords}

The \idx{title-case} commands are designed to convert the first letter of each
word in a phrase to uppercase. These commands are robust.
\cmddef{capitalisewords}
This command applies a \idx{sentence-case} command to each word in \meta{text}
where the space character is used as the word separator. Note that
it has to be an ordinary space character, not another form of space,
such as \idx{nbsp} or \gls{space}. Note that no expansion is performed
on \meta{text}.
For example:
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a sample phrase}
\tcblower
\capitalisewords{a sample phrase}
\end{coderesult}
See \sectionref{sec:nocap} for excluding words (such as \qt{of})
from the case-changing.

\begin{information}
This isn't the same as the \LaTeX3 command \gls{texttitlecase:n},
which converts the first letter to \idx{uppercase} and all other
letters to \idx{lowercase}.
\end{information}

For convenience, there are shortcut commands if expansion is
required before parsing the argument:
\cmddef{xcapitalisewords}
This is a shortcut for:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{expandafter}\gls{capitalisewords}\cmd{expandafter}\margm{text}
\end{compactcodebox}
\cmddef{ecapitalisewords}
This fully expands \meta{text} before passing it to
\gls{capitalisewords}.

The parser used by \gls{capitalisewords} first splits up the text on
each space character. Each of these space-separated words may
actually be a compound, so further parsing is performed on each
\qt{word}. The divisions within the compound word should be marked
up with:
\cmddef{MFUwordbreak}
For example:
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a 
big\gls{MFUwordbreak}\marg{/}small idea}
\tcblower
\capitalisewords{a big\MFUwordbreak{/}small idea}
\end{coderesult}
Each sub-word within the compound word is encapsulated with:
\cmddef{MFUcapword}
Since it's inconvenient to have to markup every hyphen,
\gls{MFUcapword} can be enabled to check for hyphens.
 
\cmddef{ifMFUhyphen}
This conditional determines whether or not \gls{MFUcapword} should
consider a hyphen a word break. If this conditional is true, then
\gls{MFUcapword} will encapsulate its argument with:
\cmddef{MFUhyphencapword}
This will parse \meta{text} for hyphen characters and apply the case
change to each hyphen-separated word.  Otherwise \gls{MFUcapword}
will treat its argument as a single word.

The conditional can be set to true with:
\cmddef{MFUhyphentrue}
and switched back off with:
\cmddef{MFUhyphenfalse}

For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{server-side includes} /
\gls{MFUhyphentrue}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{server-side includes}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisewords{server-side includes} /
\MFUhyphentrue
\capitalisewords{server-side includes}
\end{resultbox}

The actual case-change of each word is performed with:
\cmddef{MFUcapwordfirstuc}
This defaults to \code{\gls{makefirstuc}\margm{word}} but may be
redefined to use \gls{MFUsentencecase}, if preferred.

\begin{important}
Hyphens and \gls{MFUwordbreak} must be visible to the parser that
searches for word breaks. This means they won't be detected if they
are within a group or in the definition of a command.
\end{important}

Formatting for the entire phrase must go outside
\gls{capitalisewords} (unlike \gls{makefirstuc}).
For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{\cmd{emph}\marg{a sample phrase}} /
\cmd{emph}\marg{\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a sample phrase}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisewords{\emph{a sample phrase}} /
\emph{\capitalisewords{a sample phrase}}
\end{resultbox}

If your phrase is likely to contain formatting commands, you can instead use:
\cmddef{capitalisefmtwords}
where \meta{text} may be just words (as with \gls{capitalisewords}):
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\margm{words}
\end{compactcodebox}
or may be entirely enclosed in a formatting command in the form:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{\meta{cs}\margm{words}}
\end{compactcodebox}
or contain formatted sub-phrases:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{\meta{words} \meta{cs}\margm{sub-phrase} \meta{words}}
\end{compactcodebox}
The starred form only permits a text-block command at the
start of the phrase. See \sectionref{sec:titlecaseexamples} for
examples.

\begin{warning}
Avoid declarations, such as \cmd{bfseries} or \cmd{em}.
\end{warning}

If expansion is required, you can use:
\cmddef{xcapitalisefmtwords}
which is a shortcut for:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{expandafter}\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\cmd{expandafter}\margm{text}
\end{compactcodebox}
(The star modifier will be applied with 
\code{\gls{xcapitalisefmtwords}*} in an appropriate manner.)

\cmddef{ecapitalisefmtwords}
This will fully expand its argument before passing it to
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}. Again, the star modifier may be used.

\begin{important}
The unstarred \gls{capitalisefmtwords} is only designed for phrases that contain
text-block commands with a single
argument, which should be a word or sub-phrase. Anything
more complicated is likely to break. Instead, use the
starred form or \gls{capitalisewords}.
\end{important}

\section{Excluding Words From Case-Changing}
\label{sec:nocap}

\glsadd{exclusion-word}Some words typically shouldn't have their case changed unless they
occur at the start. These words can be identified with:
\cmddef{MFUnocap}
This only has a local effect. The global version is:
\cmddef{gMFUnocap}
The list of words that shouldn't be capitalised can be cleared
using:
\cmddef{MFUclear}


For example:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{the wind in the willows}
\codepar
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{in}\comment{}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{the}\comment{}
\codepar
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{the wind in the willows}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisewords{the wind in the willows}

\MFUnocap{in}%
\MFUnocap{the}%

\capitalisewords{the wind in the willows}
\end{resultbox}

Since the case-change is ultimately performed by \gls{makefirstuc},
you can also use an \idx{exclusion} to prevent an individual word
from being changed. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{NoChange}}[1]\marg{\#1}
\gls{MFUexcl}\marg{\cmd{NoChange}}
\gls{MFUclear}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{the \cmd{NoChange}\marg{wind} in the willows}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\providecommand{\NoChange}[1]{#1}
\MFUexcl{\NoChange}
\MFUclear
\capitalisewords{the \NoChange{wind} in the willows}
\end{resultbox}
This can also work if you redefine \gls{MFUcapwordfirstuc} to use
\gls{MFUsentencecase} provided the exclusion command doesn't expand
(so \cmd{NoChange} would need to be protected or made robust in the above
example). 

\begin{important}
Exceptions only apply to (non-leading) whole words or words separated with
\gls{MFUwordbreak} but not to parts of a hyphenated
word that are split by \gls{MFUhyphencapword}.
\end{important}

Examples:
\begin{enumerate}
\item
Exceptions aren't applied if \gls{MFUwordbreak} occurs before the
first space.
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{a}\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{the}\comment{}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a\gls{MFUwordbreak}\marg{/}the something}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{a}\MFUnocap{the}%
\capitalisewords{a\MFUwordbreak{/}the something}
\end{resultbox}

\item
Exceptions are applied for non-leading words:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{and}\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{or}\comment{}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{one and\gls{MFUwordbreak}\marg{/}or another}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{and}\MFUnocap{or}%
\capitalisewords{one and\MFUwordbreak{/}or another}
\end{resultbox}

\item
Exceptions aren't applied for hyphenated parts:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUhyphentrue}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{and}\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{or}\comment{}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{one and-or another}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUhyphentrue
\MFUnocap{and}\MFUnocap{or}%
\capitalisewords{one and-or another}
\end{resultbox}
\end{enumerate}

\pkgdef{mfirstuc-english}
The supplementary package \sty{mfirstuc-english} loads \sty{mfirstuc} and uses
\gls{MFUnocap} to add common English articles and conjunctions, such
as \qt{a}, \qt{an}, \qt{and}, \qt{but}. You may want to add other
words to this list, such as prepositions but, as there's some
dispute over whether prepositions should be capitalised, I~don't
intend to add them to this package. Note that you need to explicitly
load \sty{mfirstuc-english} if you require it. There's no automatic
language detection performed by \sty{mfirstuc}.

If you want to write a similar package for another language, all you
need to do is create a file with the extension \filefmt{.sty}
that starts with:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{NeedsTeXFormat}\marg{LaTeX2e}
\end{compactcodebox}
The next line should identify the package. For example, if you have
called the file \filefmt{mfirstuc-french.sty} then you need:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{ProvidesPackage}\marg{mfirstuc-french}
\end{compactcodebox}
It's a good idea to also add a version in the final optional
argument, for example:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{ProvidesPackage}\marg{mfirstuc-french}[2014/07/30 v1.0]
\end{compactcodebox}
Next load \sty{mfirstuc}:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{RequirePackage}\marg{mfirstuc}
\end{compactcodebox}
Now add all your \gls{MFUnocap} commands. For example:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{de}
\end{compactcodebox}
At the end of the file add:
\begin{compactcodebox}
\cmd{endinput}
\end{compactcodebox}

Put the file somewhere on \TeX's path, and now you can use this
package in your document. You might also consider
\href{http://ctan.org/upload}{uploading it to CTAN} in case
other users find it useful.


\section{PDF Bookmarks}
\label{sec:pdfbookmarks}

If you are using \sty{hyperref} and want to use
\gls{capitalisewords} or \gls{capitalisefmtwords} (or the expanded
variants) in a section heading, the PDF bookmarks won't be able to
use the command as it's not expandable, so you will get a warning
that looks like:
\begin{transcript}
Package hyperref Warning: Token not allowed in a PDF string 
(PDFDocEncoding):
(hyperref)                removing `\gls{capitalisewords}'
\end{transcript}

If you want to provide an alternative for the PDF bookmark, you can
use \sty{hyperref}'s \gls{texorpdfstring} command. For example:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{chapter}\marg{\gls{texorpdfstring}
  \marg{\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a book of rhyme}}\comment{ TeX}
  \marg{A Book of Rhyme}\comment{ PDF}
}
\end{codebox}
Alternatively, you can use \sty{hyperref}'s mechanism for
disabling commands within the bookmarks. For example:
\begin{codebox*}
\gls{pdfstringdefDisableCommands}\marg{\comment{}
 \cmd{let}\gls{capitalisewords}\cmd{@firstofone}
}
\end{codebox*}
The same applies to \gls{makefirstuc}. You can, however, use
the expandable \gls{MFUsentencecase}. So you may prefer:
\begin{codebox*}
\gls{pdfstringdefDisableCommands}\marg{\comment{}
 \cmd{let}\gls{capitalisewords}\cmd{MFUsentencecase}
 \cmd{let}\gls{makefirstuc}\cmd{MFUsentencecase}
}
\end{codebox*}

See the \sty{hyperref} manual for further details.

\section{Examples}
\label{sec:titlecaseexamples}

\begin{enumerate}
\item Text only:
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a little book of rhyme}
\tcblower
\capitalisewords{a little book of rhyme}
\end{coderesult}

\item Excluding words (see \sectionref{sec:nocap}):
\begin{coderesult}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{of}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a little book of rhyme}
\tcblower
\MFUnocap{of}
\capitalisewords{a little book of rhyme}
\end{coderesult}

\item \gls{space} isn't recognised as a word boundary:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a book of rhyme.}
\codepar
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a book\gls{space} of rhyme.}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisewords{a book of rhyme.}

\capitalisewords{a book\space of rhyme.}
\end{resultbox}

\item Phrase entirely enclosed in a formatting command:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{\cmd{emph}\marg{a small book of rhyme}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisefmtwords{\emph{a small book of rhyme}}
\end{resultbox}

\item Sub-phrase enclosed in a formatting command:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{a \cmd{emph}\marg{small book} of rhyme}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisefmtwords{a \emph{small book} of rhyme}
\end{resultbox}

\item Nested text-block commands:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{a \cmd{emph}\marg{small book}} of rhyme}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\capitalisefmtwords{\textbf{a \emph{small book}} of rhyme}
\end{resultbox}

\item Formatting and case-change exception (see \sectionref{sec:nocap}):
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{of}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{\cmd{textbf}\marg{a \cmd{emph}\marg{small book}} of rhyme}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{of}
\capitalisefmtwords{\textbf{a \emph{small book}} of rhyme}
\end{resultbox}

\item Starred form:
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{of}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}*\marg{\cmd{emph}\marg{a small book of rhyme}}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{of}
\capitalisefmtwords*{\emph{a small book of rhyme}}
\end{resultbox}

\item The starred form also works with just text (no text-block
command):
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{of}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}*\marg{a small book of rhyme}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{of}
\capitalisefmtwords*{a small book of rhyme}
\end{resultbox}

\item Expansion:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{abc}}\marg{\cmd{xyz}\gls+{space} four five}
\cmd{newcommand}\marg{\cmd{xyz}}\marg{one two three}
No expansion: \gls{capitalisewords}\marg{\cmd{abc}}.
\codepar
First object one-level expansion: \gls{xcapitalisewords}\marg{\cmd{abc}}.
\codepar
Fully expanded: \gls{ecapitalisewords}\marg{\cmd{abc}}.
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand{\abc}{\xyz\space four five}
\newcommand{\xyz}{one two three}
No expansion: \capitalisewords{\abc}.

First object one-level expansion: \xcapitalisewords{\abc}.

Fully expanded: \ecapitalisewords{\abc}.
\end{resultbox}

Remember that the spaces need to be explicit. In the second case
above, using \gls{xcapitalisewords}, the space before \qt{four} has
been hidden within \gls{space} so it's not recognised as a word
boundary, but in the third case, \gls{space} has been expanded to an
actual space character.


\end{enumerate}

If there is a text-block command within the argument of the
starred form, it's assumed to be at the start of the argument.
Unexpected results can occur if there are other commands.
For example:
\begin{badcodebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{of}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}*\marg{\cmd{emph}\marg{a small} book \cmd{textbf}\marg{of rhyme}}
\end{badcodebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{of}
\capitalisefmtwords*{\emph{a small} book \textbf{of rhyme}}
\end{resultbox}
In this case \code{\cmd{textbf}\marg{of rhyme}} is considered a
single word. Similarly if the text-block command occurs
in the middle of the argument:
\begin{badcodebox}
\gls{MFUnocap}\marg{of}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}*\marg{a \cmd{emph}\marg{very small} book of rhyme}
\end{badcodebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\MFUnocap{of}
\capitalisefmtwords*{a \emph{very small} book of rhyme}
\end{resultbox}
In this case \code{\cmd{emph}\marg{very small}} is considered a
single word.

Grouping causes interference.
As with all the commands described here, avoid declarations.
\begin{badcodebox}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{\marg{\cmd{bfseries} a \cmd{emph}\marg{small book}} of rhyme}
\end{badcodebox}

\begin{information}
As a general rule, it's better to define \idxpl{semanticcommand} rather
than directly using font commands and declarations within the
document.
\end{information}

Avoid complicated commands in the unstarred version. For example,
the following breaks:
\begin{badcodebox}
\cmd{newcommand}*\marg{\cmd{swap}}[2]\marg{\marg{\#2}\marg{\#1}}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}\marg{a \cmd{swap}\marg{bo}\marg{ok} of rhyme}
\end{badcodebox}
However it can work with the starred form and the simpler
\gls{capitalisewords}:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}*\marg{\cmd{swap}}[2]\marg{\marg{\#2}\marg{\#1}}
\gls{capitalisefmtwords}*\marg{a \cmd{swap}\marg{bo}\marg{ok} of rhyme}
\codepar
\gls{capitalisewords}\marg{a \cmd{swap}\marg{bo}\marg{ok} of rhyme}
\end{codebox}
\begin{resultbox}
\newcommand*{\swap}[2]{{#2}{#1}}
\capitalisefmtwords*{a \swap{bo}{ok} of rhyme}

\capitalisewords{a \swap{bo}{ok} of rhyme}
\end{resultbox}
Note that the case change is applied to the first argument.

\chapter{Miscellaneous}
\label{sec:misc}

\section{Saving \Glsfmtplural{exclusion}, \Glsfmtplural{blocker} and 
\Glsfmtplural{mapping} in the \exttext{aux} File}
\label{sec:savetoaux}

If the \idxpl{exclusion}, \idxpl{mapping} and \idxpl{blocker} are
required by some external tool, the information can be saved in the
\ext+{aux} file.

\cmddef{MFUsaveatend}
This saves the information at the end of the document using a delayed
write. This means that it can register all information identified 
throughout the document, but there's a chance the document may end
before the write takes place (for example, if the last page only
contains floats). This command may be counteracted by:
\cmddef{MFUsave}
This saves the information using a protected write at the point
where this command occurs, which may be too soon if additional
\idxpl{exclusion}, \idxpl{mapping} or \idxpl{blocker} are identified
later. This command will counteract any instance of
\gls{MFUsaveatend}, regardless of whether or not \gls{MFUsaveatend}
comes before or after \gls{MFUsave}.

The associated \ext{aux} commands are listed below. In each case, a
definition is provided in the \ext{aux} file that does nothing.
\cmddef{@mfu@excls}
Lists all \idxpl{exclusion}.
For example:
\begin{compactcodebox*}
\gls{@mfu@excls}\marg{\gls{begin} \gls{cite} \gls{end} \gls{label}
\gls{ref} \gls{cite} \gls{NoCaseChange} \gls{ensuremath}
\gls{MFUskippunc} \gls{gls} \gls{glspl}}
\end{compactcodebox*}

\cmddef{@mfu@blockers}
Lists all \idxpl{blocker}.
For example:
\begin{compactcodebox*}
\gls{@mfu@blockers}\marg{\gls{Gls} \gls{Glspl} }
\end{compactcodebox*}

\cmddef{@mfu@mappings}
Lists all \idxpl{mapping} as a \keyval\ list.
For example:
\begin{compactcodebox*}
\gls{@mfu@mappings}\marg{ \marg{\gls{gls} }= \marg{\gls{Gls} }, \marg{\gls{glspl} }= \marg{\gls{Glspl} }}
\end{compactcodebox*}

\section{All-Caps}
\label{sec:allcaps}

\cmddef{mfirstucMakeUppercase}
This command was originally used to perform the actual conversion to
\idx+{uppercase} and was defined to use command \gls{MakeUppercase}.
The \sty{glossaries} package (before v4.50) formerly loaded the
\sty{textcase} package and redefined \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} to
use \gls{MakeTextUppercase}, which was better than
\gls{MakeUppercase}.

The \sty{textcase} package has been deprecated as from 2022 and
it now simply sets \gls{MakeTextUppercase} to \gls{MakeUppercase}
because the new kernel now defines \gls{MakeUppercase} to use the
newer \LaTeX3 command \gls{textuppercase:n}. Although that command
is expandable, \gls{MakeUppercase} is robust.

As from v2.08, \sty{mfirstuc} now defines \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase}
so that it uses \gls{texttitlecasefirst:n} directly, rather than
indirectly through \gls{MakeUppercase}, which means that it's now
expandable. However, \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} is no longer used
by \sty{mfirstuc} except in \gls{mfugrabfirstuc}, which is provided
to emulate v2.07. Note that the \opt{grabfirst} option will also
redefine \gls{mfirstucMakeUppercase} to use \gls{MakeUppercase}.

\section{UTF-8}
\label{sec:utf8}

\begin{information}
See \blog{binary-files-text-files-and-file-encodings/}{Binary
Files, Text Files and File Encodings} if you are confused about how
file encodings, such as \gls{utf8}, relate to text files.
\end{information}

This section only applies to rollback or the use of \gls{mfugrabfirstuc}
(implemented via the \opt{grabfirst} option).

Prior to version 2.08, the case-change applied by the
\gls{glsmakefirstuc} command worked by utilizing the fact that, in
most cases, \TeX\ doesn't require a regular argument to be enclosed
in braces if it only consists of a single token. (This is why you
can do, say, \code{\cmd{frac}12} instead of
\code{\cmd{frac}\marg{1}\marg{2}} or \code{x\char`\^2}
instead of \code{x\char`\^\marg{2}}, although this
practice is discouraged by some.)

A~simplistic version of the original \gls{glsmakefirstuc} command is:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{newcommand}*\marg{\cmd{FirstUC}}[1]\marg{\gls{MakeUppercase} \#1}
\end{codebox}
Here
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{FirstUC}\marg{abc}
\end{codebox}
is equivalent to
\begin{codebox}
\gls{MakeUppercase} abc
\end{codebox}
and since \gls{MakeUppercase} requires an argument, it grabs the
first token (the character \qt{a} in this case) and uses that as the
argument so that the result is \qt{Abc}. This behaviour can be
achieved with \gls{mfugrabfirstuc}.

Unfortunately, this will fail if the content starts with a \gls{utf8}
character and you are using \pdfLaTeX, where each octet of the
\gls{utf8} character is a separate token. This isn't a problem 
with \XeLaTeX\ and \LuaLaTeX\ which both treat the entire multibyte
character as a single token.

\LaTeX3 now provides \gls{texttitlecasefirst:n}
to convert the first character to uppercase, so now the
case-change can be applied with:
\begin{codebox}
\cmd{ExplSyntaxOn}
\gls{texttitlecasefirst:n}\marg{élite}
\cmd{ExplSyntaxOff}
\end{codebox}
This is exactly what \gls{MFUsentencecase} does without the need to
switch on \LaTeX3 syntax. The difference with the default definition
of \gls{glsmakefirstuc} is that it prevents its argument from being
expanded.

\backmatter
\printterms
\printsummary
\printuserguideindex

\end{document}
