Mojolicious::Controller(3)

NAME
Mojolicious::Controller - Controller base class

SYNOPSIS
  # Controller
  package MyApp::Controller::Foo;
  use Mojo::Base 'Mojolicious::Controller', -signatures;

  # Action
  sub bar ($self) {
    my $name = $self->param('name');
    $self->res->headers->cache_control('max-age=1, no-cache');
    $self->render(json => {hello => $name});
  }

DESCRIPTION
Mojolicious::Controller is the base class for your Mojolicious controllers. It is also the default controller class unless you set "controller_class" in Mojolicious.

ATTRIBUTES
Mojolicious::Controller implements the following attributes.

  app
  my $app = $c->app;
  $c      = $c->app(Mojolicious->new);

A reference back to the application that dispatched to this controller, usually a Mojolicious object. Note that this attribute is weakened.

  # Use application logger
  $c->app->log->debug('Hello Mojo');

  # Generate path
  my $path = $c->app->home->child('templates', 'foo', 'bar.html.ep');

  match
  my $m = $c->match;
  $c    = $c->match(Mojolicious::Routes::Match->new);

Router results for the current request, defaults to a Mojolicious::Routes::Match object.

  # Introspect
  my $name   = $c->match->endpoint->name;
  my $foo    = $c->match->endpoint->pattern->defaults->{foo};
  my $action = $c->match->stack->[-1]{action};

  tx
  my $tx = $c->tx;
  $c     = $c->tx(Mojo::Transaction::HTTP->new);

The transaction that is currently being processed, usually a Mojo::Transaction::HTTP or Mojo::Transaction::WebSocket object. Note that this attribute is weakened. So the object needs to be referenced elsewhere as well when you're performing non-blocking operations and the underlying connection might get closed early.

  # Check peer information
  my $address = $c->tx->remote_address;
  my $port    = $c->tx->remote_port;

  # Increase size limit for WebSocket messages to 16MiB
  $c->tx->max_websocket_size(16777216) if $c->tx->is_websocket;

  # Perform non-blocking operation without knowing the connection status
  my $tx = $c->tx;
  Mojo::IOLoop->timer(2 => sub {
    $c->app->log->debug($tx->is_finished ? 'Finished' : 'In progress');
  });

METHODS
Mojolicious::Controller inherits all methods from Mojo::Base and implements the following new ones.

  continue
  $c->continue;

Continue dispatch chain from an intermediate destination with "continue" in Mojolicious::Routes.

  cookie
  my $value = $c->cookie('foo');
  $c        = $c->cookie(foo => 'bar');
  $c        = $c->cookie(foo => 'bar', {path => '/'});

Access request cookie values and create new response cookies. If there are multiple values sharing the same name, and you want to access more than just the last one, you can use "every_cookie".

  # Create response cookie with domain and expiration date
  $c->cookie(user => 'sri', {domain => 'example.com', expires => time + 60});

  # Create secure response cookie
  $c->cookie(secret => 'I <3 Mojolicious', {secure => 1, httponly => 1});

  encrypted_cookie
  my $value = $c->encrypted_cookie('foo');
  $c        = $c->encrypted_cookie(foo => 'bar');
  $c        = $c->encrypted_cookie(foo => 'bar', {path => '/'});

Access encrypted request cookie values and create new encrypted response cookies. If there are multiple values sharing the same name, and you want to access more than just the last one, you can use "every_encrypted_cookie". Cookies are encrypted with ChaCha20-Poly1305, to prevent tampering, and the ones failing decryption will be automatically discarded.

  every_cookie
  my $values = $c->every_cookie('foo');

Similar to "cookie", but returns all request cookie values sharing the same name as an array reference.

  $ Get first cookie value
  my $first = $c->every_cookie('foo')->[0];

  every_encrypted_cookie
  my $values = $c->every_encrypted_cookie('foo');

Similar to "encrypted_cookie", but returns all encrypted request cookie values sharing the same name as an array reference.

  # Get first encrypted cookie value
  my $first = $c->every_encrypted_cookie('foo')->[0];

  every_param
  my $values = $c->every_param('foo');

Similar to "param", but returns all values sharing the same name as an array reference.

  # Get first value
  my $first = $c->every_param('foo')->[0];

  every_signed_cookie
  my $values = $c->every_signed_cookie('foo');

Similar to "signed_cookie", but returns all signed request cookie values sharing the same name as an array reference.

  # Get first signed cookie value
  my $first = $c->every_signed_cookie('foo')->[0];

  finish
  $c = $c->finish;
  $c = $c->finish(1000);
  $c = $c->finish(1003 => 'Cannot accept data!');
  $c = $c->finish('Bye!');

Close WebSocket connection or long poll stream gracefully. This method will automatically respond to WebSocket handshake requests with a 101 response status, to establish the WebSocket connection.

  helpers
  my $helpers = $c->helpers;

Return a proxy object containing the current controller object and on which helpers provided by "app" can be called. This includes all helpers from Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers and Mojolicious::Plugin::TagHelpers.

  # Make sure to use the "title" helper and not the controller method
  $c->helpers->title('Welcome!');

  # Use a nested helper instead of the "reply" controller method
  $c->helpers->reply->not_found;

  on
  my $cb = $c->on(finish => sub {...});

Subscribe to events of "tx", which is usually a Mojo::Transaction::HTTP or Mojo::Transaction::WebSocket object. This method will automatically respond to WebSocket handshake requests with a 101 response status, to establish the WebSocket connection.

  # Do something after the transaction has been finished
  $c->on(finish => sub ($c) {
    $c->app->log->debug('All data has been sent');
  });

  # Receive WebSocket message
  $c->on(message => sub ($c, $msg) {
    $c->app->log->debug("Message: $msg");
  });

  # Receive JSON object via WebSocket message
  $c->on(json => sub ($c, $hash) {
    $c->app->log->debug("Test: $hash->{test}");
  });

  # Receive WebSocket "Binary" message
  $c->on(binary => sub ($c, $bytes) {
    my $len = length $bytes;
    $c->app->log->debug("Received $len bytes");
  });

  param
  my $value = $c->param('foo');
  $c        = $c->param(foo => 'ba;r');
  $c        = $c->param(foo => 'ba;r', 'baz');
  $c        = $c->param(foo => ['ba;r', 'baz']);

Access route placeholder values that are not reserved stash values, file uploads as well as "GET" and "POST" parameters extracted from the query string and "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" or "multipart/form-data" message body, in that order. If there are multiple values sharing the same name, and you want to access more than just the last one, you can use "every_param". Parts of the request body need to be loaded into memory to parse "POST" parameters, so you have to make sure it is not excessively large. There's a 16MiB limit for requests by default.

  # Get first value
  my $first = $c->every_param('foo')->[0];

For more control you can also access request information directly.

  # Only GET parameters
  my $foo = $c->req->query_params->param('foo');

  # Only POST parameters
  my $foo = $c->req->body_params->param('foo');

  # Only GET and POST parameters
  my $foo = $c->req->param('foo');

  # Only file uploads
  my $foo = $c->req->upload('foo');

  render
  my $bool = $c->render;
  my $bool = $c->render(foo => 'bar', baz => 23);
  my $bool = $c->render(template => 'foo/index');
  my $bool = $c->render(template => 'index', format => 'html');
  my $bool = $c->render(data => $bytes);
  my $bool = $c->render(text => 'Hello!');
  my $bool = $c->render(json => {foo => 'bar'});
  my $bool = $c->render(handler => 'something');
  my $bool = $c->render('foo/index');

Render content with "renderer" in Mojolicious and emit hooks "before_render" in Mojolicious as well as "after_render" in Mojolicious, or dies if no response could be generated. All additional key/value pairs get merged into the "stash".

  # Render characters
  $c->render(text => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!');

  # Render characters (alternative)
  $c->stash(text => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!')->render;

  # Render binary data
  use Mojo::JSON qw(encode_json);
  $c->render(data => encode_json({test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'}));

  # Render JSON
  $c->render(json => {test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'});

  # Render inline template
  $c->render(inline => '<%= 1 + 1 %>');

  # Render template "foo/bar.html.ep"
  $c->render(template => 'foo/bar', format => 'html', handler => 'ep');

  # Render template "test.*.*" with arbitrary values "foo" and "bar"
  $c->render(template => 'test', foo => 'test', bar => 23);

  # Render template "test.xml.*"
  $c->render(template => 'test', format => 'xml');

  # Render template "test.xml.*" (alternative)
  $c->render('test', format => 'xml');

  render_later
  $c = $c->render_later;

Disable automatic rendering to delay response generation, only necessary if automatic rendering would result in a response.

  # Delayed rendering
  $c->render_later;
  Mojo::IOLoop->timer(2 => sub { $c->render(text => 'Delayed by 2 seconds!') });

  render_maybe
  my $bool = $c->render_maybe;
  my $bool = $c->render_maybe(foo => 'bar', baz => 23);
  my $bool = $c->render_maybe('foo/index', format => 'html');

Try to render content, but do not call "reply->not_found" in Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers if no response could be generated, all arguments get localized automatically and are only available during this render operation, takes the same arguments as "render".

  # Render template "index_local" only if it exists
  $c->render_maybe('index_local') or $c->render('index');

  render_to_string
  my $output = $c->render_to_string('foo/index', format => 'pdf');

Try to render content and return it wrapped in a Mojo::ByteStream object or return "undef", all arguments get localized automatically and are only available during this render operation, takes the same arguments as "render".

  # Render inline template
  my $two = $c->render_to_string(inline => '<%= 1 + 1 %>');

  rendered
  $c = $c->rendered;
  $c = $c->rendered(302);

Finalize response and emit hook "after_dispatch" in Mojolicious, defaults to using a 200 response code.

  # Custom response
  $c->res->headers->content_type('text/plain');
  $c->res->body('Hello World!');
  $c->rendered(200);

  req
  my $req = $c->req;

Get Mojo::Message::Request object from "tx".

  # Longer version
  my $req = $c->tx->req;

  # Extract request information
  my $id     = $c->req->request_id;
  my $method = $c->req->method;
  my $url    = $c->req->url->to_abs;
  my $info   = $c->req->url->to_abs->userinfo;
  my $host   = $c->req->url->to_abs->host;
  my $agent  = $c->req->headers->user_agent;
  my $custom = $c->req->headers->header('Custom-Header');
  my $bytes  = $c->req->body;
  my $str    = $c->req->text;
  my $hash   = $c->req->params->to_hash;
  my $all    = $c->req->uploads;
  my $value  = $c->req->json;
  my $foo    = $c->req->json('/23/foo');
  my $dom    = $c->req->dom;
  my $bar    = $c->req->dom('div.bar')->first->text;

  res
  my $res = $c->res;

Get Mojo::Message::Response object from "tx".

  # Longer version
  my $res = $c->tx->res;

  # Force file download by setting a response header
  $c->res->headers->content_disposition('attachment; filename=foo.png;');

  # Use a custom response header
  $c->res->headers->header('Custom-Header' => 'whatever');

  # Make sure response is cached correctly
  $c->res->headers->cache_control('public, max-age=300');
  $c->res->headers->append(Vary => 'Accept-Encoding');

  send
  $c = $c->send({binary => $bytes});
  $c = $c->send({text   => $bytes});
  $c = $c->send({json   => {test => [1, 2, 3]}});
  $c = $c->send([$fin, $rsv1, $rsv2, $rsv3, $op, $payload]);
  $c = $c->send($chars);
  $c = $c->send($chars => sub ($c) {...});

Send message or frame non-blocking via WebSocket, the optional drain callback will be executed once all data has been written. This method will automatically respond to WebSocket handshake requests with a 101 response status, to establish the WebSocket connection.

  # Send "Text" message
  $c->send('I ♥ Mojolicious!');

  # Send JSON object as "Text" message
  $c->send({json => {test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'}});

  # Send JSON object as "Binary" message
  use Mojo::JSON qw(encode_json);
  $c->send({binary => encode_json({test => 'I ♥ Mojolicious!'})});

  # Send "Ping" frame
  use Mojo::WebSocket qw(WS_PING);
  $c->send([1, 0, 0, 0, WS_PING, 'Hello World!']);

  # Make sure the first message has been written before continuing
  $c->send('First message!' => sub ($c) { $c->send('Second message!') });

For mostly idle WebSockets you might also want to increase the inactivity timeout with "inactivity_timeout" in Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers, which usually defaults to 30 seconds.

  # Increase inactivity timeout for connection to 300 seconds
  $c->inactivity_timeout(300);

  session
  my $session = $c->session;
  my $foo     = $c->session('foo');
  $c          = $c->session({foo => 'bar'});
  $c          = $c->session(foo => 'bar');

Persistent data storage for the next few requests, all session data gets serialized with Mojo::JSON and stored Base64 encoded in HMAC-SHA256 signed cookies, to prevent tampering. Note that cookies usually have a 4096 byte (4KiB) limit, depending on browser.

  # Manipulate session
  $c->session->{foo} = 'bar';
  my $foo = $c->session->{foo};
  delete $c->session->{foo};

  # Expiration date in seconds from now (persists between requests)
  $c->session(expiration => 604800);

  # Expiration date as absolute epoch time (only valid for one request)
  $c->session(expires => time + 604800);

  # Delete whole session by setting an expiration date in the past
  $c->session(expires => 1);

  signed_cookie
  my $value = $c->signed_cookie('foo');
  $c        = $c->signed_cookie(foo => 'bar');
  $c        = $c->signed_cookie(foo => 'bar', {path => '/'});

Access signed request cookie values and create new signed response cookies. If there are multiple values sharing the same name, and you want to access more than just the last one, you can use "every_signed_cookie". Cookies are cryptographically signed with HMAC-SHA256, to prevent tampering, and the ones failing signature verification will be automatically discarded.

  stash
  my $hash = $c->stash;
  my $foo  = $c->stash('foo');
  $c       = $c->stash({foo => 'bar', baz => 23});
  $c       = $c->stash(foo => 'bar', baz => 23);

Non-persistent data storage and exchange for the current request, application wide default values can be set with "defaults" in Mojolicious. Some stash values have a special meaning and are reserved, the full list is currently "action", "app", "cb", "controller", "data", "extends", "format", "handler", "inline", "json", "layout", "namespace", "path", "status", "template", "text" and "variant". Note that all stash values with a "mojo.*" prefix are reserved for internal use.

  # Remove value
  my $foo = delete $c->stash->{foo};

  # Assign multiple values at once
  $c->stash(foo => 'test', bar => 23);

  url_for
  my $url = $c->url_for;
  my $url = $c->url_for(name => 'sebastian');
  my $url = $c->url_for({name => 'sebastian'});
  my $url = $c->url_for('test', name => 'sebastian');
  my $url = $c->url_for('test', {name => 'sebastian'});
  my $url = $c->url_for('/index.html');
  my $url = $c->url_for('//example.com/index.html');
  my $url = $c->url_for('http://example.com/index.html');
  my $url = $c->url_for('mailto:sri@example.com');
  my $url = $c->url_for('#whatever');

Generate a portable Mojo::URL object with base for a path, URL or route.

  # Rebuild URL for the current route
  $c->url_for;

  # Rebuild URL for the current route, but replace the "name" placeholder value
  $c->url_for(name => 'sebastian');

  # Absolute URL for the current route
  $c->url_for->to_abs;

  # Build URL for route "test" with two placeholder values
  $c->url_for('test', name => 'sebastian', foo => 'bar');

  # "http://127.0.0.1:3000/index.html" if application was started with Morbo
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->to_abs;

  # "https://127.0.0.1:443/index.html" if application was started with Morbo
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->to_abs->scheme('https')->port(443);

  # "/index.html?foo=bar" if application is deployed under "/"
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->query(foo => 'bar');

  # "/myapp/index.html?foo=bar" if application is deployed under "/myapp"
  $c->url_for('/index.html')->query(foo => 'bar');

You can also use the helper "url_with" in Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers to inherit query parameters from the current request.

  # "/list?q=mojo&page=2" if current request was for "/list?q=mojo&page=1"
  $c->url_with->query({page => 2});

  url_for_asset
  my $url = $c->url_for_asset('/app.js');

Generate a portable Mojo::URL object with base for a static asset.

  url_for_file
  my $url = $c->url_for_file('/index.html');

Generate a portable Mojo::URL object with base for a static file.

  write
  $c = $c->write;
  $c = $c->write('');
  $c = $c->write($bytes);
  $c = $c->write($bytes => sub ($c) {...});

Write dynamic content non-blocking, the optional drain callback will be executed once all data has been written. Calling this method without a chunk of data will finalize the response headers and allow for dynamic content to be written later.

  # Keep connection alive (with Content-Length header)
  $c->res->headers->content_length(6);
  $c->write('Hel' => sub ($c) { $c->write('lo!') });

  # Close connection when finished (without Content-Length header)
  $c->write('Hel' => sub ($c) {
    $c->write('lo!' => sub ($c) { $c->finish });
  });

You can call "finish" or write an empty chunk of data at any time to end the stream.

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2014 16:48:29 GMT
  Content-Length: 6
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)

  Hello!

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Connection: close
  Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2014 16:48:29 GMT
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)

  Hello!

For Comet (long polling) you might also want to increase the inactivity timeout with "inactivity_timeout" in Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers, which usually defaults to 30 seconds.

  # Increase inactivity timeout for connection to 300 seconds
  $c->inactivity_timeout(300);

  write_chunk
  $c = $c->write_chunk;
  $c = $c->write_chunk('');
  $c = $c->write_chunk($bytes);
  $c = $c->write_chunk($bytes => sub ($c) {...});

Write dynamic content non-blocking with chunked transfer encoding, the optional drain callback will be executed once all data has been written. Calling this method without a chunk of data will finalize the response headers and allow for dynamic content to be written later.

  # Make sure previous chunk has been written before continuing
  $c->write_chunk('H' => sub ($c) {
    $c->write_chunk('ell' => sub ($c) { $c->finish('o!') });
  });

You can call "finish" or write an empty chunk of data at any time to end the stream.

  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Date: Sat, 13 Sep 2014 16:48:29 GMT
  Transfer-Encoding: chunked
  Server: Mojolicious (Perl)

  1
  H
  3
  ell
  2
  o!
  0

  write_sse
  $c = $c->write_sse;
  $c = $c->write_sse($event);
  $c = $c->write_sse($event => sub ($c) {...});

Write Server-Sent Event (SSE) non-blocking, the optional drain callback will be executed once all data has been written. Calling this method without an event will finalize the response headers and allow for events to be written later. Note that this method is EXPERIMENTAL and might change without warning!

  # Send event with default "message" type
  $c->write_sse({text => 'Hello World!'});

  # You can send comments in regular intervals to keep the connection alive
  $c->write_sse({comment => 'Keep connection alive!'});

  # Make sure previous event has been written before continuing (id and type are optional)
  $c->write_sse({id => 23, type => 'greeting', text => 'Hello World!'} => sub ($c) {
    $c->write_sse({id => 24, type => 'farewell', text => 'Goodbye World!'} => sub ($c) { $c->finish });
  });

HELPERS
In addition to the "ATTRIBUTES" and "METHODS" above you can also call helpers provided by "app" on Mojolicious::Controller objects. This includes all helpers from Mojolicious::Plugin::DefaultHelpers and Mojolicious::Plugin::TagHelpers.

  # Call helpers
  $c->layout('green');
  $c->title('Welcome!');

  # Longer version
  $c->helpers->layout('green');

SEE ALSO
Mojolicious, Mojolicious::Guides, <https://mojolicious.org>.