
Cygwin/X User's Guide

Harold L Hunt, II

     Copyright (c) 2000 Harold L Hunt II. Permission is granted to copy,
     distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
     Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
     published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant
     Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
     A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
     Documentation License".
     _________________________________________________________________

   Table of Contents
   1. [1]Cygwin/X Overview
   2. [2]Setting Up Cygwin/X

        [3]Cygwin/X Contents
        [4]Installing Cygwin/X

   3. [5]Configuring Cygwin/X

        [6]Configuration Overview
        [7]Command Line Parameters

   4. [8]Using Cygwin/X

        [9]Starting Cygwin/X

              [10]startxwin.bat
              [11]startxwin.sh
              [12]startx

        [13]Switching Out of Cygwin/X
        [14]Stopping Cygwin/X
        [15]Window Managers
        [16]Windows Clipboard Integration
        [17]Shared Memory Support (MIT-SHM Extension)
        [18]Remote Sessions via XDMCP
        [19]Displaying Remote Clients

              [20]Secure ssh
              [21]Unsecure Telnet

   A. [22]GNU Free Documentation License

        0. [23]PREAMBLE
        1. [24]APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
        2. [25]VERBATIM COPYING
        3. [26]COPYING IN QUANTITY
        4. [27]MODIFICATIONS
        5. [28]COMBINING DOCUMENTS
        6. [29]COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
        7. [30]AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
        8. [31]TRANSLATION
        9. [32]TERMINATION
        10. [33]FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
        [34]How to use this License for your documents

   List of Tables
   3-1. [35]Parameter Descriptions
     _________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1. Cygwin/X Overview

   Cygwin/X is a port of the X Window System to Cygwin; Cygwin provides a
   UNIX-like API on the Win32 platform. As of 2004-03-09 the supported
   Win32 platforms are Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT
   4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003.
     _________________________________________________________________

Chapter 2. Setting Up Cygwin/X

Cygwin/X Contents

   Cygwin/X consists of two parts: Cygwin, a port of the GNU tools to
   Win32, and Cygwin/X, a port of the X Window System to Win32. Both
   parts of Cygwin/X are needed to successfully run an X Server on a
   Win32 platform.
     _________________________________________________________________

Installing Cygwin/X

   Cygwin tools are, in the words of the Cygwin development homepage,
   [36]http://cygwin.com/, "ports of the popular GNU development tools
   and utilities for Windows 95, 98, and NT. They function by using the
   Cygwin library which provides a UNIX-like API on top of the Win32
   API." Cygwin allows the compilation of the X Window System source on
   Win32; several patches were made to the X Window System source to make
   it actually compile and run under Cygwin.

   Cygwin has a nice setup program that downloads and installs the
   necessary Cygwin packages for you.
    1. Open the Cygwin, [37]http://cygwin.com/ page in your web browser
    2. Click the "Install Cygwin Now" link in the upper-right hand corner
       of the page; or, click the "Install" link next to "Latest net
       release:", which should be near the top of the page in the main
       content area. This link downloads setup.exe from the primary
       Cygwin server; save setup.exe to the directory that you would like
       to store the downloaded packages in (e.g. c:\cyginstall); do not
       save setup.exe to c:\cygwin, as that is the default directory for
       the extraction and installation of the downloaded packages.
    3. Run setup.exe, you will see the welcome screen:
       [cyi01welcome.png]
    4. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
    5. Choose, Install from Internet, this will still save the package
       files to your download directory so that you can install Cygwin on
       any number of machines:
       [cyi02installoption.png]
    6. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
    7. The default Install Root is c:\cygwin; this should be fine for
       most installations. Leave Default Text File Type as UNIX. If you
       have several users on your NT machine, and you are logged in with
       local administrative privileges, you may wish to set Install For
       to All, but the default of Just Me will work fine for single user
       machines.
       [cyi03installto.png]
    8. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
    9. Local Package Directory should default to the directory that you
       ran setup.exe from:
       [cyi04directory.png]
   10. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
   11. Choose your proxy setup, or, just choose Direct Connection to
       limit the scope of download problems:
       [cyi05proxy.png]
   12. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
   13. Select your nearest mirror for downloading:
       [cyi06mirror.png]
   14. Click Next to proceed to the next screen; setup will download a
       list of available packages as it moves to the next screen.
   15. On the next screen you will select the packages that will be
       downloaded and installed. A listing of the Cygwin/X packages is
       given below; a listing of the general Cygwin packages would be
       beyond the scope of this document.
          + xorg-x11-base (2 KiB; required, automatically selects a base
            set of packages for the typical installation)
          + xorg-x11-bin (1.2 MiB; optional, executables for xterm, twm,
            etc.)
          + xorg-x11-bin-dlls (2 MiB; optional, libraries (DLLs) for
            executables.)
          + xorg-x11-bin-lndir (5 KiB; optional, lndir program, useful
            for developing)
          + xorg-x11-devel (964 KiB; optional, additional files needed to
            compile programs for Cygwin/X)
          + xorg-x11-etc (335 KiB; required, configuration files for the
            X Server and programs in xorg-x11-bin)
          + xorg-x11-f100 (12 MiB; optional, 100 dpi fonts (75 dpi fonts
            are used by default))
          + xorg-x11-fcyr (368 KiB; optional, Cyrillic fonts)
          + xorg-x11-fenc (489 KiB; required, font encodings)
          + xorg-x11-fnts (16.4 MiB; required, 75 dpi fonts)
          + xorg-x11-fscl (2.2 MiB; optional, Speedo and Type1 scalable
            fonts)
          + xorg-x11-fsrv (201 KiB; optional, X Font Server)
          + xorg-x11-libs-data (154 KiB; required, X11R6/lib/ files)
          + xorg-x11-man-pages (551 KiB; optional, man pages)
          + xorg-x11-man-pages-html (596 KiB; optional, man pages in html
            format)
          + xorg-x11-nest (1.1 MiB; optional, Xnest nested X Server)
          + X-start-menu-icons (4 KiB; optional, adds icons for X Clients
            to the Start menu)
          + X-startup-scripts (22 KiB; required, example X Server and
            client startup scripts)
          + xorg-x11-vfb (1.2 MiB; optional, X Virtual Frame Buffer
            (Xvfb) server)
          + xorg-x11-xwin (1.3 MiB; required, the Cygwin/X X Server)
          + xorg-x11-xwin-gl (761 KiB; optional, the Cygwin/X X Server
            with ***EXPERIMENTAL*** GLX acceleration)
   16. You must select the xorg-x11-base package, which is located in the
       X11 category. The xorg-x11-base package is a helper package that
       automatically selects a working set of packages for you that will
       allow Cygwin/X to work. You may also want to ensure that the
       inetutils and openssh packages are selected if you wish to use
       telnet and ssh to connect to remote machines.
       [cyi07packages.png]
   17. Click Next to begin the download process, you may want to try
       another mirror if you see a "Connecting" message on this screen
       for a long period of time:
       [cyi08downloading.png]
   18. After the packages are downloaded, setup will automatically begin
       go to install them:
       [cyi09installing.png]
   19. I highly recommend allowing Cygwin Setup to create Desktop and
       Start Menu icons for you; these icons simply launch a bash shell:
       [cyi10createicons.png]
   20. Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
   21. You should receive a message that the installation has completed.
       [cyi11complete.png]

   You have now successfully installed Cygwin/X. Proceed to [38]Chapter 4
   for instructions on how to use Cygwin/X.
     _________________________________________________________________

Chapter 3. Configuring Cygwin/X

Configuration Overview

   Cygwin/X settings are configured primarily through command-line
   parameters passed to XWin.exe. Cygwin/X comes with a file called
   startxwin.bat that launches an X Server, a terminal, and a window
   manager.
     _________________________________________________________________

Command Line Parameters

   Cygwin/X, by default, runs in windowed mode with the largest window
   that will fit on your Windows desktop, using the best performing
   engine that is installed on your system; you do not need to pass any
   parameters to XWin.exe to use the default behavior. Below is the
   syntax for XWin.exe parameters.

   XWin.exe
   [-help]
   [-clipboard [-nounicodeclipboard] ]
   [-clipupdates clip_updates_above_n ]
   [-emulate3buttons timeout_in_milliseconds ]
   [-engine engine_number ]
   [-fullscreen [-depth depth_in_bits_per_pixel ] [-refresh
   refresh_rate_in_herz ] ]
   [-ignoreinput]
   [-lesspointer]
   [-multiwindow]
   [-multimonitors]
   [-nodecoration]
   [-rootless]
   [-screen screen_number width height ...]
   [-scrollbars]
   [-[no]trayicon]
   [-[no]unixkill]
   [-[no]winkill]
   [-[no]keyhook]
   [-xkbrules XKBRules ]
   [-xkbmodel XKBModel ]
   [-xkblayout XKBLayout ]
   [-xkbvariant XKBVariant ]
   [-xkboptions XKBOptions ]
   [-logfile path_to_logfile ]
   [-logverbose verbosity_level ]

   Below is an example command line for XWin.exe.

   XWin.exe -screen 0 800 600 -fullscreen -depth 32 -refresh 85
   -emulate3buttons 100 -nowinkill -unixkill 

   Table 3-1. Parameter Descriptions
   Parameter Description

   [-help]

   Print a list of supported commandline options and their description
   similar to this list.

   [-clipboard [-nounicodeclipboard] ]

   Enables the integrated version of xwinclip, which provides integration
   between the Cygwin/X clipboard and Windows clipboard. Do not use in
   conjunction with the xwinclip program.

   -nounicodeclipboard disables Unicode clipboard even if Cygwin/X is
   running on a NT-based platform

   [-clipupdates clip_updates_above_n ]

   Groups together the regions in each update to the screen when there
   are more than the specified number of regions in an update. This works
   by fitting a clipping region around the updated regions, then
   transferring that entire region of the shadow frame buffer to the
   screen, rather than making many individual calls to transfer small
   portions of the shadow frame buffer to the screen. This has a
   diminished effect on NT-based platforms because they already group GDI
   operations together in a batch, which has a similar effect.

   [-emulate3buttons timeout_in_milliseconds ]

   Note: scroll wheel mice often allow you to click the scroll wheel for
   middle mouse button functionality. Thus, most users with a scroll
   wheel mouse will not need to use this parameter.

   This option allows users with a two-button mouse to emulate a third
   mouse button by pressing both mouse buttons within the optional
   timeout specified in milliseconds. The default timeout is 50
   milliseconds.

   [-engine engine_number ]

   Do not use this parameter unless you are a Cygwin/X developer or are
   instructed by a Cygwin/X developer to do so.

   Cygwin/X's default behavior is to determine if DirectDraw or
   DirectDraw4 are present, then to examine the -depth and -fullscreen
   parameters to determine the engine with optimum performance that
   supports the specified depth and window configuration.

   [-fullscreen [-depth depth_in_bits_per_pixel ] [-refresh
   refresh_rate_in_herz ] ]

   The -fullscreen parameter tells Cygwin/X to open a given screen in
   fullscreen mode.

   The -depth parameter can only be used with -fullscreen and a
   DirectDraw based engine to specify the display depth that should be
   used for the fullscreen Cygwin/X screen.

   The -refresh parameter can only be used with -fullscreen and a
   DirectDraw based engine to specify the refresh rate that should be
   used for the fullscreen Cygwin/X screen.

   [-ignoreinput]

   Ignore keyboard and mouse input. This is usually only use for testing
   and debugging purposes.

   [-lesspointer]

   Hide the Windows mouse cursor when the mouse is over any Cygwin/X
   window (regardless of whether that window is active or inactive). This
   prevents the Windows mouse cursor from being placed overtop of the X
   cursor.

   [-multimonitors]

   Create a root window that covers all monitors on a system with
   multiple monitors.

   [-multiwindow]

   Start the integrated Windows-based window manager, which launches each
   top-level X window in its own Windows window. Not to be used together
   with -rootless nor -fullscreen.

   [-nodecoration]

   Do not give the Cygwin/X window a Windows window border, title bar,
   etc. This parameter only applies to windowed mode screens, i.e., this
   parameter is ignored when the -fullscreen parameter is specified.

   [-rootless]

   Use a transparent root window with an external window manager (such as
   twm). Not to be used with -multiwindow nor with -fullscreen.

   [-screen screen_number width height ...]

   This parameter does not have to be specified. Cygwin/X's default
   behavior is to create a single screen that is roughly the size of the
   current Windows display area.

   This parameter may be used to specify the screen number, height, and
   width of one or several Cygwin/X screens; each Cygwin/X screen will be
   opened in its own window. When using multiple screens, be sure not to
   duplicate any screen numbers. Do note that, as of 2002-01-08, using
   multiple screens is not fully implemented; there are several bugs that
   must be fixed by someone that uses the multiple screens feature.

   Screen specific parameters, such as -fullscreen, can be applied as a
   default to all screens by placing those screen specific parameters
   before any -screen parameter. Screen specific parameters placed after
   the first -screen parameter will apply only to the immediately
   preceeding -screen parameter.

   [-scrollbars]

   Enable resizing of the server display window. Do not use in
   conjunction with -multiwindow nor with -rootless.

   [-[no]trayicon]

   Enable or disable the tray icon; the default is to enable the tray
   icon.

   [-[no]unixkill]

   Enable or disable the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combo as a signal to exit
   Cygwin/X. The Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combo is disabled by default.

   [-[no]winkill]

   Enable or disable the Alt-F4 key combo as a signal to exit Cygwin/X.
   The Alt-F4 key combo is enabled by default.

   [-[no]keyhook]

   Enable or disable grabbing of special windows keys like the Menu key
   or Alt-Tab. This is disabled by default.

   [-xkbrules XKBRules ]

   Set the rules to use for XKB. This defaults to xorg.

   [-xkbmodel XKBModel ]

   Set the model to use for XKB. This defaults to pc105.

   [-xkblayout XKBLayout ]

   Set the layout to use for XKB. This defaults to a layout matching your
   current layout from windows or us if no matching layout was found.

   [-xkbvariant XKBVariant ]

   Set the variant to use for XKB. This defaults to not set.

   [-xkboptions XKBOptions ]

   Set the options to use for XKB. This defaults to not set.

   [-logfile path_to_logfile ]

   Set the location of the logfile. This defaults to /tmp/XWin.log.

   [-logverbose verbosity_level ]

   Set the level of logging verbosity. Currently only a few log messages
   respect this setting.
     _________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4. Using Cygwin/X

Starting Cygwin/X

   There are several methods of starting the Cygwin/X X Server with a
   startup script that optionally starts initial clients and loads
   keyboard modifier maps. Several startup methods are described below.
     _________________________________________________________________

startxwin.bat

   startxwin.bat - Use a MS-DOS batch file as the startup script. An
   example startxwin.bat is included in X-startup-scripts, which is
   extracted according to the instructions in [39]the Section called
   Installing Cygwin/X in Chapter 2. Run /usr/X11R6/bin/startxwin.bat by
   double-clicking it in Windows Explorer.
     _________________________________________________________________

startxwin.sh

   startxwin.sh - Use an sh shell script as the startup script. An
   example startxwin.sh is included in X-startup-scripts, which is
   extracted according to the instructions in [40]the Section called
   Installing Cygwin/X in Chapter 2. Run /usr/X11R6/bin/startxwin.sh in a
   Cygwin shell:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ sh /usr/X11R6/bin/startxwin.sh
     _________________________________________________________________

startx

   startx - Use the standard X Window System startx script with its
   attendant ~/.xinitrc configuration file. First you need to create
   ~/.xinitrc from the template in /etc/X11/xinit/:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc

   Now you may customize ~/.xinitrc and start Cygwin/X with:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ cd /usr/X11R6/bin && startx

   Or, you can run startx by first adding /usr/X11R6/bin/ to the search
   path:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ PATH=%PATH:/usr/X11R6/bin

Username@CygwinHost ~
$ startx

   Or, you can run startx by first changing directories to
   /usr/X11R6/bin/:
Username@CygwinHost ~
$ cd /usr/X11R6/bin

Username@CygwinHost /usr/X11R6/bin
$ startx
     _________________________________________________________________

Switching Out of Cygwin/X

   Press Alt-Tab to switch from Cygwin/X to your Windows desktop or other
   running Windows applications.
     _________________________________________________________________

Stopping Cygwin/X

   When you are done using Cygwin/X, press Alt-F4 to shutdown the X
   Server; this is the default key combination to shutdown the X Server.
   The -[no]winkill and -[no]unixkill parameters can change the set of
   key combinations that will shutdown the X Server. Using the -unixkill
   allows the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combination to shutdown the X
   Server, in addition to the default Alt-F4 key combination.
     _________________________________________________________________

Window Managers

   Cygwin/X works with window managers in a couple of different ways:
     * Internal window manager (a.k.a. MultiWindow Mode) that creates a
       Windows window for each top-level X window. The internal window
       manager is launched using the -multiwindow command-line parameter
       to XWin.exe. See [41]the Section called Command Line Parameters in
       Chapter 3 for more information on the -multiwindow command-line
       parameter.
     * External local window managers (e.g. twm, mwm (part of the lesstif
       package)). These local window managers must be installed on
       Cygwin; they are run locally and cannot be used together with the
       internal window manager.
     * Remote window managers via an XDMCP session, which you can read
       more about in [42]the Section called Remote Sessions via XDMCP.
     * Remote window manager launched through an ssh tunnel. This is not
       Cygwin/X-specific, so you should be able to find information about
       launching remote window managers from other sources. See [43]the
       Section called Secure ssh for more information on using ssh.
     _________________________________________________________________

Windows Clipboard Integration

   The X Window System, and thus Cygwin/X, uses its own internal
   clipboard system that is distinct from the clipboard system used by
   Windows. Copying and pasting text between these two clipboard systems
   requires a clipboard integration program that watches for updates to
   either clipboard and copies data between them when either one is
   updated.

   Cygwin/X has an internal clipboard integration system that is envoked
   via the -clipboard command-line parameter. See [44]the Section called
   Command Line Parameters in Chapter 3 for more information on the
   -clipboard command-line parameter.

     Note: Clipboard integration between the X Window System and Windows
     is not easy to provide. As of 2003-09-19, the Cygwin/X clipboard
     integration still suffers from a shortcoming that causes selected
     selected in X programs to be immediately unhighlighted. This issue
     is very well known and will take somewhere between 40 and 120 hours
     of programming to fix; no one has the time to fix it. Please do not
     report this to the mailing list as a bug.

   Cygwin/X also has a legacy external clipboard integration system that
   consists of a stand-alone executable called xwinclip. xwinclip can be
   installed via Cygwin's setup.exe.
     _________________________________________________________________

Shared Memory Support (MIT-SHM Extension)

   As of 2003-09-19, shared memory support (i.e. the MIT-SHM Extension)
   is enabled in the default distribution of Cygwin/X. However, the
   shared memory support is only enabled at runtime if the Cygwin IPC
   Daemon (i.e., ipc-daemon2) is running. The Cygwin IPC Daemon is
   available via the cygipc package from Cygwin's setup.exe.

   The Cygwin IPC Daemon can be installed a service on NT-based platforms
   and there are some options for starting it automatically on
   non-NT-based platforms as well. Please see the cygipc documentation
   (e.g. /usr/share/doc/cygipc-2.01/README) for more information.
     _________________________________________________________________

Remote Sessions via XDMCP

   Cygwin/X can be used login to one or several remote sessions using
   XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol).

   Start Cygwin/X with a command similar to the following to login to a
   single remote session using XDMCP:

   XWin.exe -query remote_hostname_or_ip_address

   You may login to several remote sesstions with a single or multiple
   hosts using XDMCP. Each session will need a seperate display number,
   specified by the :display_number parameter, such as :0. A display
   number is not the same as a screen number, as a single display can
   have multiple screens associated with it. Each display listens on a
   different network port number, so each display can connect to multiple
   machines. Start Cygwin/X with command lines similar to the following
   to login to several remote sessions using XDMCP:

   XWin.exe :0 -query remote_hostname_or_ip_address_0

   XWin.exe :1 -query remote_hostname_or_ip_address_1

   Note that the :display_number parameter is a general X Server
   parameter, not specific to Cygwin/X. Further documentation of the
   :display_number parameter can be found in the [45]X Server manual
   page. XDMCP is a complex system that is not specific to Cygwin/X;
   further discussion of XDMCP is beyond the scope of this document. You
   may wish to read the [46]Linux XDMCP HOWTO or the [47]X Server XDMCP
   Options for more information.
     _________________________________________________________________

Displaying Remote Clients

   Displaying remote X clients with Cygwin/X is nearly identical to
   displaying remote X clients with any other X Server. You may use the
   secure ssh method, or the unsecure telnet method (not recommended).
     _________________________________________________________________

Secure ssh

   On your Windows machine:
    1. Make sure you have the openssh package installed.
    2. Launch Cygwin/X
    3. Run the following in an X terminal:

Username@CygwinHost ~
$ ssh -Y -l username remote_hostname_or_ip_address

    4. Enter your password when prompted by ssh.
    5. Your ssh session should now show you a shell prompt for your
       remote machine.
    6. You can now launch remote X clients in your ssh session, for
       example, xterm& will launch an xterm running on your remote host
       that will display on your Cygwin/X screen.
    7. Launch other remote clients in the same manner. I recommend
       starting the remote clients in the background, by appending & to
       the command name, so that you don't have to open several ssh
       sessions.
     _________________________________________________________________

Unsecure Telnet

   On your Windows machine:
    1. Make sure you have the inetutils package installed.
    2. Launch Cygwin/X
    3. In an X terminal type /usr/X11R6/bin/xhost
       remote_hostname_or_ip_address
    4. In an X terminal type /usr/bin/telnet
       remote_hostname_or_ip_address. Use the explicit path to ensure
       that Cygwin's telnet is run instead of Microsoft's telnet;
       Microsoft's telnet will crash on startup when run from Cygwin/X.
    5. Login to your remote machine via your telnet session
    6. In your telnet session type,
       DISPLAY=windows_hostname_or_ip_address:0.0
    7. In your telnet session type, export DISPLAY
    8. You can now launch remote X clients in your telnet session, for
       example, xterm& will launch an xterm running on your remote host
       that will display on your Cygwin/X screen.
    9. Launch other remote clients in the same manner; I recommend
       starting the remote clients in the background, by appending & to
       the command name, so that you don't have to open several telnet
       sessions.
     _________________________________________________________________

Appendix A. GNU Free Documentation License

   Version 1.1, March 2000

     Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
     Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
     and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
     changing it is not allowed.
     _________________________________________________________________

0. PREAMBLE

   The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
   written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
   the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
   modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,
   this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
   credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
   modifications made by others.

   This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
   works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
   complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
   license designed for free software.

   We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
   software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
   program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
   software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
   can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
   whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
   principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
     _________________________________________________________________

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

   This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
   notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
   under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any
   such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
   addressed as "you".

   A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
   Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
   modifications and/or translated into another language.

   A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
   the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
   publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
   subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
   directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is
   in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
   any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
   connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
   commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
   them.

   The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
   are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
   that says that the Document is released under this License.

   The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
   as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
   the Document is released under this License.

   A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
   represented in a format whose specification is available to the
   general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
   straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
   pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
   drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
   for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
   to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
   format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
   subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is
   not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

   Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
   ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
   or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
   HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include
   PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
   by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
   processing tools are not generally available, and the
   machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
   purposes only.

   The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
   plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
   this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
   formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
   the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
   preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
     _________________________________________________________________

2. VERBATIM COPYING

   You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
   commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
   copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
   to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
   other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
   technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
   copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
   compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
   number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

   You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
   you may publicly display copies.
     _________________________________________________________________

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

   If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
   and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
   enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
   these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
   Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and
   legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover
   must present the full title with all words of the title equally
   prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in
   addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they
   preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can
   be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

   If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
   legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
   reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
   pages.

   If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
   more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
   copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
   a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
   Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
   general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
   charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
   option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
   distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
   Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
   until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
   copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
   the public.

   It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
   Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
   give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
   Document.
     _________________________________________________________________

4. MODIFICATIONS

   You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
   the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
   the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
   Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
   and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
   of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
    A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
       from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
       (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
       of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
       if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
    B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
       entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
       Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal
       authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has
       less than five).
    C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
       Version, as the publisher.
    D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
    E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
       adjacent to the other copyright notices.
    F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
       giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
       terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
    G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
       Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
       notice.
    H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
    I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
       it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
       publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
       there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
       stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
       given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
       Version as stated in the previous sentence.
    J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
       public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
       the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
       it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
       may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
       four years before the Document itself, or if the original
       publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
    K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
       preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
       substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
       and/or dedications given therein.
    L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
       their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
       are not considered part of the section titles.
    M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
       be included in the Modified Version.
    N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
       conflict in title with any Invariant Section.

   If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
   appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
   copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
   of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
   list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
   These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

   You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
   nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
   parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
   been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
   standard.

   You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
   passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
   of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
   Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
   through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
   includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
   by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
   you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
   permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

   The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
   give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
   imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
     _________________________________________________________________

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

   You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
   License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
   versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
   Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
   list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
   license notice.

   The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
   multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
   copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
   different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
   adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
   author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
   Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
   Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

   In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"
   in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
   "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",
   and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
   entitled "Endorsements."
     _________________________________________________________________

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

   You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
   documents released under this License, and replace the individual
   copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
   that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
   of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
   other respects.

   You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
   distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
   copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
   License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
   document.
     _________________________________________________________________

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

   A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
   and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
   distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
   of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
   compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
   License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
   with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
   are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

   If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
   copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
   of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
   covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
   they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
     _________________________________________________________________

8. TRANSLATION

   Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
   distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
   Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
   permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
   translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
   original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
   translation of this License provided that you also include the
   original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
   between the translation and the original English version of this
   License, the original English version will prevail.
     _________________________________________________________________

9. TERMINATION

   You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
   except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt
   to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and
   will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
   parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
   License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
   parties remain in full compliance.
     _________________________________________________________________

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

   The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
   GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
   will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
   detail to address new problems or concerns. See
   [48]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

   Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
   If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
   License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
   following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
   of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
   Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
   number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
   as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
     _________________________________________________________________

How to use this License for your documents

   To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
   the License in the document and put the following copyright and
   license notices just after the title page:

     Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
     distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
     Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
     published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant
     Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
     LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the
     license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
     License".

   If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
   instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
   Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts
   being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
   recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
   free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
   permit their use in free software.

References

   1. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#overview
   2. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#setup
   3. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#setup-project-contents
   4. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#setup-cygwin-x-installing
   5. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#configure
   6. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#configure-cygwin-x-overview
   7. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#configure-cygwin-x-options
   8. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using
   9. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting
  10. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting-bat
  11. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting-sh
  12. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-starting-startx
  13. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-switching
  14. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-stopping
  15. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-window-managers
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  17. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-shared-memory
  18. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-remote-session
  19. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-remote-apps
  20. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-remote-apps-ssh
  21. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-remote-apps-telnet
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  23. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#gfdl-preamble
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  42. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-remote-session
  43. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#using-remote-apps-ssh
  44. file://localhost/home/harold/ports/cygwin-x-doc/cygwin-x-doc-1.0.4/.build/ug/dump.html#configure-cygwin-x-options
  45. http://freedesktop.org/~xorg/X11R6.7.0/doc/Xserver.1.html
  46. http://en.tldp.org/HOWTO/XDMCP-HOWTO/
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  48. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/
